very seldom

ăb, ā, abs, prep. with abl. This IndoEuropean particle (Sanscr. apa or ava, Etr. av, Gr. upo, Goth. af, Old Germ. aba, New Germ. ab, Engl. of, off) has in Latin the following forms: ap, af, ab (av), au-, a, a; aps, abs, as-. The existence of the oldest form, ap, is proved by the oldest and best MSS. analogous to the prep. apud, the Sanscr. api, and Gr. epi, and by the weakened form af, which, by the rule of historical grammar and the nature of the Latin letter f, can be derived only from ap, not from ab. The form af, weakened from ap, also very soon became obsolete. There are but five examples of it in inscriptions, at the end of the sixth and in the course of the seventh century B. C., viz.:

AF VOBEIS,

Inscr. Orell. 3114;

AF MVRO,

ib. 6601;

AF CAPVA,

ib. 3308;

AF SOLO,

ib. 589;

AF LYCO,

ib. 3036 ( afuolunt =avolant, Paul. ex Fest. p. 26 Mull., is only a conjecture). In the time of Cicero this form was regarded as archaic, and only here and there used in account-books; v. Cic. Or. 47, 158 (where the correct reading is af, not abs or ab), and cf. Ritschl, Monum. Epigr. p. 7 sq.—The second form of this preposition, changed from ap, was ab, which has become the principal form and the one most generally used through all periods—and indeed the only oue used before all vowels and h; here and there also before some consonants, particularly l, n, r, and s; rarely before c, j, d, t; and almost never before the labials p, b, f, v, or before m, such examples as ab Massiliensibus, Caes. B. C. 1, 35, being of the most rare occurrence.—By changing the b of ab through v into u, the form au originated, which was in use only in the two compounds aufero and aufugio for abfero, ab-fugio; aufuisse for afuisse, in Cod. Medic. of Tac. A. 12, 17, is altogether unusual. Finally, by dropping the b of ab, and lengthening the a, ab was changed into a, which form, together with ab, predominated through all periods of the Latin language, and took its place before all consonants in the later years of Cicero, and after him almoet exclusively.—By dropping the b without lengthening the a, ab occurs in the form a- in the two compounds a-bio and a-perio, q. v.—On the other hand, instead of reducing ap to a and a, a strengthened collateral form, aps, was made by adding to ap the letter s (also used in particles, as in ex, mox, vix). From the first, aps was used only before the letters c, q, t, and was very soon changed into abs (as ap into ab):

abs chorago,

Plaut. Pers. 1, 3, 79 (159 Ritschl):

abs quivis,

Ter. Ad. 2, 3, 1:

abs terra,

Cato, R. R. 51;

and in compounds: aps-cessero,

Plaut. Trin. 3, 1, 24 (625 R.); id. ib. 3, 2, 84 (710 R): abs-condo, abs-que, abs-tineo, etc. The use of abs was confined almost exclusively to the combination abs te during the whole ante-classic period, and with Cicero till about the year 700 A. U. C. (=B. C. 54). After that time Cicero evidently hesitates between abs te and a te, but during the last five or six years of his life a te became predominant in all his writings, even in his letters; consequently abs te appears but rarely in later authors, as in Liv. 10, 19, 8; 26, 15, 12;

and who, perhaps, also used abs conscendentibus,

id. 28, 37, 2; v. Drakenb. ad. h. l. (Weissenb. ab).—Finally abs, in consequence of the following p, lost its b, and became ds- in the three compounds aspello, as-porto, and as-pernor (for asspernor); v. these words.—The late Lat. verb abbrevio may stand for adbrevio, the d of ad being assimilated to the following b.The fundamental signification of ab is departure from some fixed point (opp. to ad. which denotes motion to a point).

In space, and,

Fig., in time and other relations, in which the idea of departure from some point, as from source and origin, is included; Engl. from, away from, out of; down from; since, after; by, at, in, on, etc.

Lit., in space: ab classe ad urbem tendunt, Att. ap. Non. 495, 22 (Trag. Rel. p. 177 Rib.):

Caesar maturat ab urbe proficisci,

Caes. B. G. 1, 7:

fuga ab urbe turpissima,

Cic. Att. 7, 21:

ducite ab urbe domum, ducite Daphnim,

Verg. E. 8, 68. Cicero himself gives the difference between ab and ex thus: si qui mihi praesto fuerit cum armatis hominibus extra meum fundum et me introire prohibuerit, non ex eo, sed ab ( from, away from) eo loco me dejecerit....Unde dejecti Galli? A Capitolio. Unde, qui cum Graccho fucrunt? Ex Capitolio, etc., Cic. Caecin. 30, 87; cf. Diom. p. 408 P., and a similar distinction between ad and in under ad.—Ellipt.: Diogenes Alexandro roganti, ut diceret, si quid opus esset: Nunc quidem paululum, inquit, a sole, a little out of the sun, Cic. Tusc. 5, 32, 92. —Often joined with usque:

illam (mulierem) usque a mari supero Romam proficisci,

all the way from, Cic. Clu. 68, 192; v. usque, I.—And with ad, to denote the space passed over: siderum genus ab ortu ad occasum commeant, from... to, Cic. N. D. 2, 19 init.; cf. ab... in:

venti a laevo latere in dextrum, ut sol, ambiunt,

Plin. 2, 47, 48, § 128.

Sometimes with names of cities and small islands, or with domus (instead of the usual abl.), partie., in militnry and nautieal language, to denote the marching of soldiers, the setting out of a flcet, or the departure of the inhabitants from some place:

oppidum ab Aenea fugiente a Troja conditum,

Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 33:

quemadmodum (Caesar) a Gergovia discederet,

Caes. B. G. 7, 43 fin.; so id. ib. 7, 80 fin.; Sall. J. 61; 82; 91; Liv. 2, 33, 6 al.; cf.:

ab Arimino M. Antonium cum cohortibus quinque Arretium mittit,

Caes. B. C. 1, 11 fin.; and:

protinus a Corfinio in Siciliam miserat,

id. ib. 1, 25, 2:

profecti a domo,

Liv. 40, 33, 2;

of setting sail: cum exercitus vestri numquam a Brundisio nisi hieme summa transmiserint,

Cic. Imp. Pomp. 12, 32; so id. Fam. 15, 3, 2; Caes. B. C. 3, 23; 3, 24 fin.:

classe qua advecti ab domo fuerant,

Liv. 8, 22, 6;

of citizens: interim ab Roma legatos venisse nuntiatum est,

Liv. 21, 9, 3; cf.:

legati ab Orico ad M. Valerium praetorem venerunt,

id. 24, 40, 2.

Sometimes with names of persons or with pronouns: pestem abige a me, Enn. ap. Cic. Ac. 2, 28, 89 (Trag. v. 50 Vahl.):

Quasi ad adulescentem a patre ex Seleucia veniat,

Plaut. Trin. 3, 3, 41; cf.:

libertus a Fuflis cum litteris ad Hermippum venit,

Cic. Fl. 20, 47:

Nigidium a Domitio Capuam venisse,

id. Att. 7, 24:

cum a vobis discessero,

id. Sen. 22:

multa merces tibi defluat ab Jove Neptunoque,

Hor. C. 1, 28, 29 al. So often of a person instead of his house, lodging, etc.: videat forte hic te a patre aliquis exiens, from the father, i. e. from his house, Ter. Heaut. 2, 2, 6:

so a fratre,

id. Phorm. 5, 1, 5:

a Pontio,

Cic. Att. 5, 3 fin.:

ab ea,

Ter. And. 1, 3, 21; and so often: a me, a nobis, a se, etc., from my, our, his house, etc., Plaut. Stich. 5, 1, 7; Ter. Heaut. 3, 2, 50; Cic. Att. 4, 9, 1 al.

Transf., without the idea of motion. To designate separation or distance, with the verbs abesse, distare, etc., and with the particles longe, procul, prope, etc.

Of separation:

ego te afuisse tam diu a nobis dolui,

Cic. Fam. 2, 1, 2:

abesse a domo paulisper maluit,

id. Verr. 2, 4, 18, § 39:

tum Brutus ab Roma aberat,

Sall. C. 40, 5:

absint lacerti ab stabulis,

Verg. G. 4, 14.—

Of distance:

quot milia fundus suus abesset ab urbe,

Cic. Caecin. 10, 28; cf.:

nos in castra properabamus, quae aberant bidui,

id. Att. 5, 16 fin.; and:

hic locus aequo fere spatio ab castris Ariovisti et Caesaris aberat,

Caes. B. G. 1, 43, 1:

terrae ab hujusce terrae, quam nos incolimus, continuatione distantes,

Cic. N. D. 2, 66, 164:

non amplius pedum milibus duobus ab castris castra distabant,

Caes. B. C. 1, 82, 3; cf. id. lb. 1, 3, 103.—With adverbs: annos multos longinque ab domo bellum gerentes, Enn. ap. Non. 402, 3 (Trag. v. 103 Vahl.):

cum domus patris a foro longe abesset,

Cic. Cael. 7, 18 fin.; cf.:

qui fontes a quibusdam praesidiis aberant longius,

Caes. B. C. 3, 49, 5:

quae procul erant a conspectu imperii,

Cic. Agr. 2, 32, 87; cf.:

procul a castris hostes in collibus constiterunt,

Caes. B. G. 5, 17, 1; and:

tu procul a patria Alpinas nives vides,

Verg. E. 10, 46 (procul often also with simple abl.;

v. procul): cum esset in Italia bellum tam prope a Sicilia, tamen in Sicilia non fuit,

Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 2, § 6; cf.:

tu apud socrum tuam prope a meis aedibus sedebas,

id. Pis. 11, 26; and:

tam prope ab domo detineri,

id. Verr. 2, 2, 3, § 6.—So in Caesar and Livy, with numerals to designate the measure of the distance:

onerariae naves, quae ex eo loco ab milibus passuum octo vento tenebatur,

eight miles distant, Caes. B. G. 4, 22, 4; and without mentioning the terminus a quo: ad castra contenderunt, et ab milibus passunm minus duobus castra posuerunt, less than two miles off or distant, id. ib. 2, 7, 3; so id. ib. 2, 5, 32; 6, 7, 3; id. B. C. 1, 65; Liv. 38, 20, 2 (for which:

duo milia fere et quingentos passus ab hoste posuerunt castra,

id. 37, 38, 5). —

To denote the side or direction from which an object is viewed in its local relations,=a parte, at, on, in: utrum hacin feriam an ab laeva latus? Enn. ap. Plaut. Cist. 3, 10 (Trag. v. 38 Vahl.); cf.:

picus et cornix ab laeva, corvos, parra ab dextera consuadent,

Plaut. As. 2, 1, 12: clamore ab ea parte audito. on this side, Caes. B. G. 3, 26, 4: Gallia Celtica attingit ab Sequanis et Helvetiis flumen Rhenum, on the side of the Sequani, i. e. their country, id. ib. 1, 1, 5:

pleraque Alpium ab Italia sicut breviora ita arrectiora sunt,

on the Italian side, Liv. 21, 35, 11:

non eadem diligentia ab decumuna porta castra munita,

at the main entrance, Caes. B. G. 3, 25 fin.:

erat a septentrionibus collis,

on the north, id. ib. 7, 83, 2; so, ab oriente, a meridie, ab occasu; a fronte, a latere, a tergo, etc. (v. these words).

Fig.

In time.

From a [p. 3] point of time, without reference to the period subsequently elapsed. After:

Exul ab octava Marius bibit,

Juv. 1,40:

mulieres jam ab re divin[adot ] adparebunt domi,

immediately after the sucrifice, Plaut. Poen. 3, 3, 4:

Caesar ab decimae legionis cohortatione ad dextrum cornu profectus,

Caes. B. G. 2, 25, 1:

ab hac contione legati missi sunt,

immediately after, Liv. 24, 22, 6; cf. id. 28, 33, 1; 40, 47, 8; 40, 49, 1 al.:

ab eo magistratu,

after this office, Sall. J. 63, 5:

a summa spe novissima exspectabat,

after the greatest hope, Tac. A. 6, 50 fin. —Strengthened by the adverbs primum, confestim, statim, protinus, or the adj. recens, immediately after, soon after:

ut primum a tuo digressu Romam veni,

Cic. Att. 1, 5, 4; so Suet. Tib. 68:

confestim a proelio expugnatis hostium castris,

Liv. 30, 36, 1:

statim a funere,

Suet. Caes. 85;

and followed by statim: ab itinere statim,

id. ib. 60:

protinus ab adoptione,

Vell. 2, 104, 3:

Homerus qui recens ab illorum actate fuit,

soon after their time, Cic. N. D. 3, 5; so Varr. R. R. 2, 8, 2; Verg. A. 6, 450 al. (v. also primum, confestim, etc.).—

Sometimes with the name of a person or place, instead of an action: ibi mihi tuae litterae binae redditae sunt tertio abs te die,

i. e. after their departure from you, Cic. Att. 5, 3, 1: in Italiam perventum est quinto mense a Carthagine Nov[adot ], i. e. after leaving (=postquam a Carthagine profecti sunt), Liv. 21, 38, 1:

secundo Punico (bello) Scipionis classis XL. die a securi navigavit,

i. e. after its having been built, Plin. 16, 39, 74, § 192. —Hence the poct. expression: ab his, after this (cf. ek toutôn), i. e. after these words, hereupon, Ov. M. 3, 273; 4, 329; 8, 612; 9, 764.

With reference to a subsequent period. From, since, after:

ab hora tertia bibebatur,

from the third hour, Cic. Phil. 2, 41:

infinito ex tempore, non ut antea, ab Sulla et Pompeio consulibus,

since the consulship of, id. Agr. 2, 21, 56:

vixit ab omni aeternitate,

from all eternity, id. Div. 1, 51, 115:

cum quo a condiscipulatu vivebat conjunctissime,

Nep. Att. 5, 3:

in Lycia semper a terrae motu XL. dies serenos esse,

after an earthquake, Plin. 2, 96, 98, § 211 al.:

centesima lux est haec ab interitu P. Clodii,

since the death of, Cic. Mil. 35, 98; cf.:

cujus a morte quintus hic et tricesimus annus est,

id. Sen. 6, 19; and:

ab incenso Capitolio illum esse vigesumiun annum,

since, Sall. C. 47, 2:

diebus triginta, a qua die materia caesa est,

Caes. B. C. 1, 36.—Sometimes joined with usque and inde:

quod augures omnes usque ab Romulo decreverunt,

since the time of, Cic. Vat. 8, 20:

jam inde ab infelici pugna ceciderant animi,

from the very beginning of, Liv. 2, 65 fin. —Hence the adverbial expressions ab initio, a principio, a primo, at, in, or from the beginning, at first; v. initium, principium, primus. Likewise ab integro, anew, afresh; v. integer.—Ab... ad, from (a time)... to:

ab hora octava ad vesperum secreto collocuti sumus,

Cic. Att. 7, 8, 4; cf.:

cum ab hora septima ad vesperum pugnatum sit,

Caes. B. G. 1, 26, 2; and:

a quo tempore ad vos consules anni sunt septingenti octoginta unus,

Vell. 1, 8, 4; and so in Plautus strengthened by usque:

pugnata pugnast usque a mane ad vesperum,

from morning to evening, Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 97; id. Most. 3, 1, 3; 3, 2, 80.—Rarely ab... in: Romani ab sole orto in multum diei stetere in acie, from... till late in the day, Liv. 27, 2, 9; so Col. 2, 10, 17; Plin. 2, 31, 31, § 99; 2, 103, 106, § 229; 4, 12, 26, § 89.

Particularly with nouns denoting a time of life:

qui homo cum animo inde ab ineunte aetate depugnat suo,

from an early age, from early youth, Plaut. Trin. 2, 2, 24; so Cic. Off. 2, 13, 44 al.:

mihi magna cum co jam inde a pueritia fuit semper famillaritas,

Ter. Heaut. 1, 2, 9; so,

a pueritia,

Cic. Tusc. 2, 11, 27 fin.; id. Fam. 5, 8, 4:

jam inde ab adulescentia,

Ter. Ad. 1, 1, 16:

ab adulescentia,

Cic. Rep. 2, 1:

jam a prima adulescentia,

id. Fam. 1, 9, 23:

ab ineunte adulescentia,

id. ib. 13, 21, 1; cf.

followed by ad: usque ad hanc aetatem ab incunte adulescentia,

Plaut. Trin. 2, 2, 20:

a primis temporibus aetatis,

Cic. Fam. 4, 3, 3:

a teneris unguiculis,

from childhood, id. ib. 1, 6, 2:

usque a toga pura,

id. Att. 7, 8, 5:

jam inde ab incunabulis,

Liv. 4, 36, 5:

a prima lanugine,

Suet. Oth. 12:

viridi ab aevo,

Ov. Tr. 4, 10, 17 al.;

rarely of animals: ab infantia,

Plin. 10, 63, 83, § 182.—Instead of the nom. abstr. very often (like the Greek ek paioôn, etc.) with concrete substantives: a pucro, ab adulescente, a parvis, etc., from childhood, etc.:

qui olim a puero parvulo mihi paedagogus fuerat,

Plaut. Merc. 1, 1, 90; so,

a pausillo puero,

id. Stich. 1, 3, 21:

a puero,

Cic. Ac. 2, 36, 115; id. Fam. 13, 16, 4 (twice) al.:

a pueris,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 24, 57; id. de Or. 1, 1, 2 al.:

ab adulescente,

id. Quint. 3, 12:

ab infante,

Col. 1, 8, 2:

a parva virgine,

Cat. 66, 26 al. —Likewise and in the same sense with adject.: a parvo, from a little child, or childhood, Liv. 1, 39, 6 fin.; cf.:

a parvis,

Ter. And. 3, 3, 7; Cic. Leg. 2, 4, 9:

a parvulo,

Ter. And. 1, 1, 8; id. Ad. 1, 1, 23; cf.:

ab parvulis,

Caes. B. G. 6, 21, 3:

ab tenero,

Col. 5, 6, 20;

and rarely of animals: (vacca) a bima aut trima fructum ferre incipit,

Varr. R. R. 2, 1, 13.

In other relations in which the idea of going forth, proceeding, from something is included.

In gen. to denote departure, separation, deterring, avoiding, intermitting, etc., or distance, difference, etc., of inanimate or abstract things. From: jus atque aecum se a malis spernit procul, Enn. ap. Non. 399, 10 (Trag. v. 224 Vahl.):

suspitionem et culpam ut ab se segregent,

Plaut. Trin. 1, 2, 42:

qui discessum animi a corpore putent esse mortem,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 9, 18:

hic ab artificio suo non recessit,

id. ib. 1, 10, 20 al.:

quod si exquiratur usque ab stirpe auctoritas,

Plaut. Trin. 1, 2, 180:

condicionem quam ab te peto,

id. ib. 2, 4, 87; cf.:

mercedem gloriae flagitas ab iis, quorum, etc.,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 15, 34:

si quid ab illo acceperis,

Plaut. Trin. 2, 2, 90:

quae (i. e. antiquitas) quo propius aberat ab ortu et divina progenie,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 12, 26:

ab defensione desistere,

Caes. B. C. 2, 12, 4:

ne quod tempus ab opere intermitteretur,

id. B. G. 7, 24, 2:

ut homines adulescentis a dicendi studio deterream,

Cic. de Or. 1, 25, 117, etc.—Of distance (in order, rank, mind, or feeling):

qui quartus ab Arcesila fuit,

the fourth in succession from, Cic. Ac. 1, 12, 46:

tu nunc eris alter ab illo,

next after him, Verg. E. 5, 49; cf.:

Aiax, heros ab Achille secundus,

next in rank to, Hor. S. 2, 3, 193:

quid hoc ab illo differt,

from, Cic. Caecin. 14, 39; cf.:

hominum vita tantum distat a victu et cultu bestiarum,

id. Off. 2, 4, 15; and:

discrepare ab aequitate sapientiam,

id. Rep. 3, 9 fin. (v. the verbs differo, disto, discrepo, dissideo, dissentio, etc.):

quae non aliena esse ducerem a dignitate,

Cic. Fam. 4, 7:

alieno a te animo fuit,

id. Deiot. 9, 24 (v. alienus). —So the expression ab re (qs. aside from the matter, profit; cf. the opposite, in rem), contrary to one's profit, to a loss, disadvantageous (so in the affirmative very rare and only ante-class.):

subdole ab re consulit,

Plaut. Trin. 2, 1, 12; cf. id. Capt. 2, 2, 88; more frequently and class. (but not with Cicero) in the negative, non, haud, ab re, not without advantage or profit, not useless or unprofitable, adcantageous:

haut est ab re aucupis,

Plaut. As. 1, 3, 71:

non ab re esse Quinctii visum est,

Liv. 35, 32, 6; so Plin. 27, 8, 35; 31, 3, 26; Suet. Aug. 94; id. Dom. 11; Gell. 18, 14 fin.; App. Dogm. Plat. 3, p. 31, 22 al. (but in Ter. Ad. 5, 3, 44, ab re means with respect to the money matter).

In partic.

To denote an agent from whom an action proceeds, or by whom a thing is done or takes place. By, and in archaic and solemn style, of. So most frequently with pass. or intrans. verbs with pass. signif., when the active object is or is considered as a living being: Laudari me abs te, a laudato viro, Naev. ap. Cic. Tusc. 4, 31, 67: injuria abs te afficior, Enn. ap. Auct. Her. 2, 24, 38:

a patre deductus ad Scaevolam,

Cic. Lael. 1, 1:

ut tamquam a praesentibus coram haberi sermo videretur,

id. ib. 1, 3:

disputata ab eo,

id. ib. 1, 4 al.:

illa (i. e. numerorum ac vocum vis) maxime a Graecia vetere celebrata,

id. de Or. 3, 51, 197:

ita generati a natura sumus,

id. Off. 1, 29, 103; cf.:

pars mundi damnata a rerum natura,

Plin. 4, 12, 26, § 88:

niagna adhibita cura est a providentia deorum,

Cic. N. D. 2, 51 al. —With intrans. verbs:

quae (i. e. anima) calescit ab eo spiritu,

is warmed by this breath, Cic. N. D. 2, 55, 138; cf. Ov. M. 1, 417: (mare) qua a sole collucet, Cic. Ac. 2, 105:

salvebis a meo Cicerone,

i. e. young Cicero sends his compliments to you, id. Att. 6, 2 fin.:

a quibus (Atheniensibus) erat profectus,

i. e. by whose command, Nep. Milt. 2, 3:

ne vir ab hoste cadat,

Ov. H. 9, 36 al. —A substantive or adjective often takes the place of the verb (so with de, q. v.):

levior est plaga ab amico quam a debitore,

Cic. Fam. 9, 16, 7; cf.:

a bestiis ictus, morsus, impetus,

id. Off. 2, 6, 19:

si calor est a sole,

id. N. D. 2, 52:

ex iis a te verbis (for a te scriptis),

id. Att. 16, 7, 5:

metu poenae a Romanis,

Liv. 32, 23, 9:

bellum ingens a Volscis et Aequis,

id. 3, 22, 2:

ad exsolvendam fldem a consule,

id. 27, 5, 6.—With an adj.:

lassus ab equo indomito,

Hor. S. 2, 2, 10:

Murus ab ingenic notior ille tuo,

Prop. 5, 1, 126:

tempus a nostris triste malis,

time made sad by our misfortunes, Ov. Tr. 4, 3, 36.—Different from per:

vulgo occidebantur: per quos et a quibus?

by whom and upon whose orders? Cic. Rosc. Am. 29, 80 (cf. id. ib. 34, 97: cujus consilio occisus sit, invenio; cujus manu sit percussus, non laboro); so,

ab hoc destitutus per Thrasybulum (i. e. Thrasybulo auctore),

Nep. Alc. 5, 4.—Ambiguity sometimes arises from the fact that the verb in the pass. would require ab if used in the active:

si postulatur a populo,

if the people demand it, Cic. Off. 2, 17, 58, might also mean, if it is required of the people; on the contrary: quod ab eo (Lucullo) laus imperatoria non admodum exspectabatur, not since he did not expect military renown, but since they did not expect military renown from him, Cic. Ac. 2, 1, 2, and so often; cf. Rudd. II. p. 213. (The use of the active dative, or dative of the agent, instead of ab with the pass., is well known, Zumpt, § 419. It is very seldom found in prose writers of the golden age of Roman liter.; with Cic. sometimes joined with the participles auditus, cognitus, constitutus, perspectus, provisus, susceptus; cf. Halm ad Cic. Imp. Pomp. 24, 71, and ad ejusdem, Cat. 1, 7 fin.; but freq. at a later period; e. g. in Pliny, in Books 2-4 of H. N., more than twenty times; and likewise in Tacitus seventeen times. Vid. the passages in Nipperd. ad Tac. A. 2, 49.) Far more unusual is the simple abl. in the designation of persons:

deseror conjuge,

Ov. H. 12, 161; so id. ib. 5, 75; id. M. 1, 747; Verg. A. 1, 274; Hor. C. 2, 4, 9; 1, 6, 2;

and in prose,

Quint. 3, 4, 2; Sen. Contr. 2, 1; Curt. 6, 7, 8; cf. Rudd. II. p. 212; Zumpt ad Quint. V. p. 122 Spalding.—Hence the adverbial phrase a se=uph heautou, sua sponte, of one's own uccord, spontaneously:

ipsum a se oritur et sua sponte nascitur,

Cic. Fin. 2, 24, 78:

(urna) ab se cantat quoja sit,

Plaut. Rud. 2, 5, 21 (al. eapse; cf. id. Men. 1, 2, 66); so Col. 11, 1, 5; Liv. 44, 33, 6.

With names of towns to denote origin, extraction, instead of gentile adjectives. From, of:

pastores a Pergamide,

Varr. R. R. 2, 2, 1:

Turnus ab Aricia,

Liv. 1, 50, 3 (for which Aricinus, id. 1, 51, 1):

obsides dant trecentos principum a Cora atque Pometia liberos,

Liv. 2, 22, 2; and poet.: O longa mundi servator ab Alba, Auguste, thou who art descended from the old Alban race of kings (=oriundus, or ortus regibus Albanis), Prop. 5, 6, 37.

In giving the etymology of a name: eam rem (sc. legem, Gr. nomon) illi Graeco putant nomine a suum cuique tribuendo appellatam, ego nostro a legendo, Cic. Leg. 1, 6, 19: annum intervallum regni fuit: id ab re... interregnum appellatum, Liv. 1, 17, 6:

(sinus maris) ab nomine propinquae urbis Ambracius appellatus,

id. 38, 4, 3; and so Varro in his Ling. Lat., and Pliny, in Books 1-5 of H. N., on almost every page. (Cf. also the arts. ex and de.)

With verbs of beginning and repeating: a summo bibere, in Plaut. to drink in succession from the one at the head of the table:

da, puere, ab summo,

Plaut. As. 5, 2, 41; so,

da ab Delphio cantharum circum, id Most. 1, 4, 33: ab eo nobis causa ordienda est potissimum,

Cic. Leg. 1, 7, 21:

coepere a fame mala,

Liv. 4, 12, 7:

cornicem a cauda de ovo exire,

tail-foremost, Plin. 10, 16, 18:

a capite repetis, quod quaerimus,

Cic. Leg. 1, 6, 18 al.

With verbs of freeing from, defending, or protecting against any thing:

a foliis et stercore purgato,

Cato, R. R. 65 (66), 1:

tantumne ab re tuast oti tibi?

Ter. Heaut. 1, [p. 4] 1, 23; cf.:

Saguntini ut a proeliis quietem habuerant,

Liv. 21, 11, 5:

expiandum forum ab illis nefarii sceleris vestigiis,

Cic. Rab. Perd. 4, 11:

haec provincia non modo a calamitate, sed etiam a metu calamitatis est defendenda,

id. Imp. Pomp. 6, 14 (v. defendo):

ab incendio urbem vigiliis munitam intellegebat,

Sall. C. 32:

ut neque sustinere se a lapsu possent,

Liv. 21, 35, 12:

ut meam domum metueret atque a me ipso caveret,

Cic. Sest. 64, 133.

With verbs of expecting, fearing, hoping, and the like, ab =a parte, as, Cic. Att. 9, 7, 4: cum eadem metuam ab hac parte, since I fear the same from this side; hence, timere, metuere ab aliquo, not, to be afraid of any one, but, to fear something (proceeding from) from him:

el metul a Chryside,

Ter. And. 1, 1, 79; cf.:

ab Hannibale metuens,

Liv. 23, 36; and:

metus a praetore,

id. 23, 15, 7;

v. Weissenb. ad h. l.: a quo quidem genere, judices, ego numquam timui,

Cic. Sull. 20, 59:

postquam nec ab Romanis robis ulla est spes,

you can expect nothing from the Romans, Liv. 21, 13, 4.

With verbs of fastening and holding:

funiculus a puppi religatus,

Cic. Inv. 2, 51, 154:

cum sinistra capillum ejus a vertice teneret,

Q. Cic. Pet. Cons. 3.

Ulcisci se ab aliquo, to take vengeance on one:

a ferro sanguis humanus se ulciscitur,

Plin. 34, 14, 41 fin.

Cognoscere ab aliqua re to knoio or learn by means of something (different from ab aliquo, to learn from some one):

id se a Gallicis armis atque insignibus cognovisse,

Caes. B. G. 1, 22.

Dolere, laborare, valere ab, instead of the simple abl.:

doleo ab animo, doleo ab oculis, doleo ab aegritudine,

Plaut. Cist. 1, 1, 62:

a morbo valui, ab animo aeger fui,

id. Ep. 1, 2, 26; cf. id. Aul. 2, 2, 9:

a frigore et aestu ne quid laborent,

Varr. R. R. 2, 2, 17; so,

a frigore laborantibus,

Plin. 32, 10, 46, § 133; cf.:

laborare ab re frumentaria,

Caes. B. G. 7, 10, 1; id. B. C. 3, 9; v. laboro.

Where verbs and adjectives are joined with ab, instead of the simple abl., ab defines more exactly the respect in which that which is expressed by the verb or adj. is to be understood, in relation to, with regard to, in respect to, on the part of:

ab ingenio improbus,

Plaut. Truc. 4, 3, 59:

a me pudica'st,

id. Curc. 1, 1, 51:

orba ab optimatibus contio,

Cic. Fl. 23, 54; ro Ov. H. 6,156: securos vos ab hac parte reddemus, Planc. ap. Cic. Fam. 10, 24 fin. (v. securus):

locus copiosus a frumento,

Cic. Att. 5, 18, 2; cf.:

sumus imparati cum a militibas tum a pecunia,

id. ib. 7, 15 fin.:

ille Graecus ab omni laude felicior,

id. Brut. 16, 63:

ab una parte haud satis prosperuin,

Liv. 1, 32, 2 al.;

so often in poets ab arte=arte,

artfully, Tib. 1, 5, 4; 1, 9, 66; Ov. Am. 2, 4, 30.

In the statement of the motive instead of ex, propter, or the simple abl. causae, from, out of, on account of, in consequence of: ab singulari amore scribo, Balb. ap. Cic. Att. 9, 7, B fin.:

linguam ab irrisu exserentem,

thrusting out the tongue in derision, Liv. 7, 10, 5:

ab honore,

id. 1, 8; so, ab ira, a spe, ab odio, v. Drak. ad Liv. 24, 30, 1: 26, 1, 3; cf. also Kritz and Fabri ad Sall. J. 31, 3, and Fabri ad Liv. 21, 36, 7.

Especially in the poets instead of the gen.:

ab illo injuria,

Ter. And. 1, 1, 129:

fulgor ab auro,

Lucr. 2, 5:

dulces a fontibus undae,

Verg. G. 2, 243.

In indicating a part of the whole, for the more usual ex, of, out of:

scuto ab novissimis uni militi detracto,

Caes. B. G. 2, 25, 1:

nonnuill ab novissimis,

id. ib.; Cic. Sest. 65, 137; cf. id. ib. 59 fin.: a quibus (captivis) ad Senatum missus (Regulus).

In marking that from which any thing proceeds, and to which it belongs:

qui sunt ab ea disciplina,

Cic. Tusc. 2, 3, 7:

ab eo qui sunt,

id. Fin. 4, 3, 7:

nostri illi a Platone et Aristotele aiunt,

id. Mur. 30, 63 (in imitation of oi upo tinos).

To designate an office or dignity (with or without servus; so not freq. till after the Aug. period;

in Cic. only once): Pollex, servus a pedibus meus,

one of my couriers, Cic. Att. 8, 5, 1; so,

a manu servus,

a secretary, Suet. Caes. 74: Narcissum ab eplstulis ( secretary) et Pallantem a rationibus ( accountant), id. Claud. 28; and so, ab actis, ab admissione, ab aegris, ab apotheca, ab argento, a balneis, a bibliotheca, a codicillis, a jumentis, a potione, etc. (v. these words and Inscr. Orell. vol. 3, Ind. xi. p. 181 sq.).

The use of ab before adverbs is for the most part peculiar to later Latinity:

a peregre,

Vitr. 5, 7 (6), 8:

a foris,

Plin. 17, 24, 37; Vulg. Gen, 7, 16; ib. Matt. 23, 27:

ab intus,

ib. ib. 7, 15:

ab invicem,

App. Herb. 112; Vulg. Matt. 25, 32; Cypr. Ep. 63, 9: Hier. Ep. 18:

a longe,

Hyg. Fab. 257; Vulg. Gen. 22, 4; ib. Matt. 26, 58:

a modo,

ib. ib. 23, 39;

Hier. Vit. Hilar.: a nune,

Vulg. Luc. 1, 48:

a sursum,

ib. Marc. 15, 38.

Ab is not repeated like most other prepositions (v. ad, ex, in, etc.) with pron. interrog. or relat. after subst. and pron. demonstr. with ab:

Arsinoen, Stratum, Naupactum...fateris ab hostibus esse captas. Quibus autem hostibus? Nempe iis, quos, etc.,

Cic. Pis. 37, 91:

a rebus gerendis senectus abstrahit. Quibus? An iis, quae in juventute geruntur et viribus?

id. Sen. 6:

a Jove incipiendum putat. Quo Jove?

id. Rep. 1, 36, 56:

res publica, quascumque vires habebit, ab iis ipsis, quibus tenetur, de te propediem impetrabit,

id. Fam. 4, 13, 5.—

Ab in Plantus is once put after the word which it governs: quo ab, As. 1, 1, 106.—

It is in various ways separated from the word which it governs:

a vitae periculo,

Cic. Brut. 91, 313:

a nullius umquam me tempore aut commodo,

id. Arch. 6, 12:

a minus bono,

Sall. C. 2, 6:

a satis miti principio,

Liv. 1, 6, 4:

damnis dives ab ipsa suis,

Ov. H. 9, 96; so id. ib. 12, 18; 13, 116.—

The poets join a and que, making aque; but in good prose que is annexed to the following abl. (a meque, abs teque, etc.):

aque Chao,

Verg. G. 4, 347:

aque mero,

Ov. M. 3, 631:

aque viro,

id. H. 6, 156:

aque suis,

id. Tr. 5, 2, 74 al. But:

a meque,

Cic. Fam. 2, 16, 1:

abs teque,

id. Att. 3, 15, 4:

a teque,

id. ib. 8, 11, §

7: a primaque adulescentia,

id. Brut. 91, 315 al. —

A Greek noun joined with ab stands in the dat.: a parte negotiati, hoc est pragmatikê, removisse, Quint. 3, 7, 1.

In composition ab,

Retains its original signif.: abducere, to take or carry away from some place: abstrahere, to draw auay; also, downward: abicere, to throw down; and denoting a departure from the idea of the simple word, it has an effect apparently privative: absimilis, departing from the similar, unlike: abnormis, departing from the rule, unusual (different from dissimilis, enormis); and so also in amens=a mente remotus, alienus ( out of one's senses, without self-control, insane): absurdus, missounding, then incongruous, irrational: abutor (in one of its senses), to misuse: aborior, abortus, to miscarry: abludo; for the privative force the Latin regularly employs in-, v. 2. in.—

It more rarely designates completeness, as in absorbere, abutor ( to use up). (The designation of the fourth generation in the ascending or descending line by ab belongs here only in appearance; as abavus for quartus pater, great-great-grandfather, although the Greeks introduced upopappos; for the immutability of the syllable ab in abpatrnus and abmatertera, as well as the signif. Of the word abavus, grandfather's grandfather, imitated in abnepos, grandchild's grandchild, seems to point to a derivation from avi avus, as Festus, p. 13 Mull., explains atavus, by atta avi, or, rather, attae avus.)

dŭbĭto, āvi, ātum, 1, v. freq. n. and a. [for duhibitare, freq. from duhibeo, i. e. duohabeo (cf. habitare from habeo), to have or hold, as two, v. dubius; cf. also Gr. doiazô from doioi; Germ. zweifeln from zwei], to vibrate from one side to the other, to and fro, in one's opinions or in coming to a conclusion (freq. in all periods and sorts of composition; in class. prose usually with negations or in a negative interrogation, as: non dubito, haud dubito, quis dubitat? etc.

To waver in opinion or judgment, to be uncertain, to be in doubt, to doubt, question.

Absol. (rare but class.): ne vinolenti quidem quae faciunt eadem approbatione faciunt qua sobrii;

dubitant, haesitant, revocant se interdum,

Cic. Ac. 2, 17, 52; cf. id. ib. 2, 23, 72:

et interrogamus et dubitamus et affirmamus,

Quint. 6, 3, 70; cf. id. 10, 1, 19; 10, 3, 19:

Livius frequentissime dubitat,

id. 2, 4, 19; 9, 2, 20: vivo equidem, ne dubita;

nam vera vides,

Verg. A. 3, 316:

ut jam liceat una comprehensione omnia complecti non dubitantemque (= sine ulla dubitatione) dicere,

Cic. Fin. 5, 9, 26; id. Fam. 5, 16, 4 Madv.; so id. Div. 1, 55, 125.—

With de (class.):

de indicando dubitat,

Cic. Sull. 18, 52; id. Fam. 12, 17; Quint. 1, 10, 29; 4, 5, 13.—With a negation:

nec vero de hoc quisquam dubitare posset, nisi, etc.,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 30, 73:

de aliqua re,

id. N. D. 1, 8:

de divina ratione,

id. ib. 2, 39, 99:

de tua erga me voluntate,

id. Fam. 13, 45 fin.; cf. id. Att. 12, 26:

de ejus fide,

Caes. B. G. 7, 21, 1: cf. id. ib. 7, 77, 10; 1, 40 fin.:

de carminibus,

Quint. 10, 5, 4:

de ultima illa (parte),

id. 12, 2, 10: de se, Pompei ap. Cic. Att. 8, 12 A et saep.— Pass. impers.:

de armis dubitatum est,

Cic. Caecin. 13, 38:

de judicio Panaetii dubitari non potest,

id. Off. 3, 3; so, de auctore, Quint. 7, 2, 8:

de hac (virtute) nihil dubitabitur,

id. 2, 20, 7.—

With acc. (in class. prose only with a neutr. pron.):

haec non turpe est dubitare philosophos, quae ne rustici quidem dubitant?

Cic. Off. 3, 19, 77; Quint. 2, 17, 2; Plaut. Ps. 2, 1, 2; Ov. H. 17, 37; id. M. 6, 194; id. Tr. 2, 331.—In the pass.:

causa prorsus, quod dubitari posset, nihil habebat,

Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 22; cf. id. ib. 28; Liv. 5, 3:

dubitati tecta parentis,

Ov. M. 2, 20:

sidera,

Stat. S. 1, 4, 2:

ne auctor dubitaretur,

Tac. A. 14, 7; cf. infra, e:

dicta haud dubitanda,

Verg. A. 3, 170.—

With an interrog. pron. (good prose, but rare):

ubi tu dubites, quid sumas potissimum,

Ter. Ph. 2, 2, 29:

non dubito, quid nobis agendum putes,

Cic. Att. 10, 1, 2; id. Fam. 11, 17, 2; 15, 9; Caes. B. C. 2, 32, 10:

cur dubitas, quid de re publica sentias?

Cic. Rep. 1, 38 fin.; cf. id. ib. 3, 17 fin.; id. de Imp. Pomp. 16 fin. —

With interrog. particles (very freq. and class.):

si me non improbissime tractasset, dubitassem fortasse utrum, etc.,

Cic. Att. 16, 15, 1:

desinite dubitare, utrum sit utilius, etc.... an, etc.,

Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 89; cf. impers., id. Att. 4, 15, 7; Liv. 5, 3:

honestumne factu sit an turpe dubitant,

Cic. Off. 1, 3, 9:

dubitavi, hos homines emerem, an non emerem,

Plaut. Capt. 2, 3, 95; cf. Sall. J. 74, 2; Hor. C. 1, 12, 35:

recte necne, etc.,

id. Ep. 2, 1, 80:

licet et dubitare num quid nos fugerit,

Quint. 6, 1, 3:

dubito, num, etc.,

Plin. Ep. 6, 27, 1; Tac. H. 2, 37;

de L. Bruto fortasse dubitarim, an, etc.,

Cic. Tusc. 4, 22, 50 et saep.—Cf. respecting the expression dubito an, the art. an, II., and Zumpt, Gramm. § 354.— Poet. in pass. (cf. supra, g):

an dea sim, dubitor,

Ov. M. 6, 208.—

Non dubito, quin (very freq. and class.):

non hercle dubito, quin tibi ingenio nemo praestiterit,

Cic. Rep. 1, 23; id. Div. 1, 57, 129; id. de Sen. 10, 31; id. Att. 6, 2, 3; id. Fam. 13, 73 fin.; id. Verr. 2, 1, 40: numquid tu dubitas quin ego nunc perpetuo perierim? Have you a doubt? etc., Ter. Eun. 5, 8, 13; Caes. B. G. 1, 17, 4; 1, 31, 15; Quint. 12, 1, 42; Suet. Tib. 17; Ov. H. 17, 11; 245; id. Tr. 5, 7, 59 et saep.; cf. pass. impers.:

dubitari (non) potest, quin, etc.,

Cic. Ac. 2, 23 fin.; id. Off. 3, 2, 9; Quint. 10, 2, 1:

dubitari potest quin usque eo eicienda sit,

Sen. Contr. 1, 3, 1:

illud cave dubites, quin, etc.,

Cic. Fam. 5, 20, 6;

quid dubitas, quin sit, etc.,

Plaut. Aul. 2, 1, 42;

so in an interrog.,

id. Poen. 1, 1, 55; 4, 2, 59; Quint. 7, 6, 10; cf. Cic. N. D. 2, 38, 97; Caes. B. G. 7, 38, 8.—

With acc. and inf. (freq. only since the Aug. period, and in gen. only negatively; not found in Plaut., Ter., or Cic.;

but usual in Nepos): neque humorem dubitavi aurasque perire,

Lucr. 5, 249:

gratos tibi esse qui de me rumores afferuntur, non dubito,

Cic. Fil. Fam. 16, 21, 2 (cf., on the contrary, §

7: noli dubitare, quin te sublevaturus sim): ignorabant aut dubitabant animas hominum immortales esse,

Lact. 6, 3, 5: non dubito, fore plerosque qui, etc., Nep. praef. § 1; id. Milt. 3, 6; id. Lys. 3, 5; id. Alcib. 9, 5; id. Ages. 3, 1; id. Eum. 2, 3; id. Hann. 11, 2; Liv. 2, 64; 22, 55 Drak. et saep.; Quint. 3, 7, 5; 5, 10, 76; 9, 4, 114; Suet. Claud. 35 et saep.; cf.

in an interrog.: an est quisquam qui dubitet, tribunos offensos esse?

Liv. 5, 3; so,

quis dubitat,

Quint. 9, 4, 68; 130; 10, 1, 81. — Pass. impers.: an dubitabitur, ibi partes oratoris esse praecipuas? id. prooem. § 12. —Affirm.: piraticam ut musicam, fabricam dici adhuc dubitabant mei praeceptores, Quint. 8, 3, 34.—

Transf., of inan. and abstr. subjects, to be uncertain, doubtful:

si tardior manus dubitet,

Quint. 5, 10, 124:

suspensa ac velut dubitans oratio,

id. 10, 7, 22:

aut vincere aut, si fortuna dubitabit (= adversabit), etc.,

Liv. 21, 44 fin.:

nec mox fama dubitavit, cum, etc.,

Flor. 1, 1, 2.—

Meton., to reflect upon, to ponder, consider, deliberate:

in utramque partem cogitare, deliberare, etc. (very rare): haec dum dubitas, menses abierunt decem,

Ter. Ad. 4, 5, 57:

restat, judices, ut hoc dubitemus, uter, etc.,

Cic. Rosc. Am. 31, 88:

percipe porro, quid dubitem,

Verg. A. 9, 191:

dubitaverat Augustus Germanicum rei Romanae imponere,

had considered whether he should, Tac. A. 4, 57.

To waver in coming to a conclusion, to be irresolute; to hesitate, delay.

With inf. (so most commonly): non dubitaverim [p. 614] me gravissimis tempestatibus obvium ferre, Cic. Rep. 1, 4;

so with a negation,

id. ib. 1, 15; id. Lael. 1; id. de Or. 1, 40 et saep.; Caes. B. G. 2, 23, 2: flumen transire, 6, 8, 1; id. B. C. 1, 71, 2; 2, 33, 2 and fin.; Verg. A. 7, 311; 8, 614 et saep.:

quid dubitamus pultare atque huc evocare ambos foras?

Plaut. Bacch. 5, 1, 29;

so in an interrog.,

id. Mil. 4, 2, 17; id. Ps. 2, 2, 30; id. Poen. 3, 5, 44; Caes. B. C. 2, 34, 4; Quint. 12, 5, 3; 12, 10, 63; Verg. A. 6, 807 al.—Very seldom affirmatively:

quod ea illi nubere dubitabat,

Sall. C. 15, 2:

accusat fratrem, quod dubitet omnia quae ad beatam vitam pertineant ventre metiri,

Cic. N. D. 1, 40, 113:

dubitat agnoscere matrem,

Stat. Achill. 1, 250:

si forte dubitaret quod afferretur accipere,

Curt. 4, 5:

isdem mandatum ut occiderent, si venire dubitaret,

id. 10, 8.—Ellipt.:

quod dubitas, ne feceris,

Plin. Ep. 1, 18, 5.—

Non dubito quin (rare in Cic. and Caes.):

nemo dubitabat, quin, etc.,

Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 13; id. Mil. 23, 63; id. Agr. 2, 26, 69:

tum dubitandum non existimavit, quin proficisceretur,

Caes. B. G. 2, 2, 5; id. B. C. 3, 71, 1; cf.:

nolite dubitare, quin huic uni credatis omnia,

Cic. de Imp. Pomp. 23, 68;

and in an interrog.: dubitabitis, judices, quin? etc.,

id. Fl. 17, 40; id. de Imp. Pomp. 16, 49.—

Absol. (rare):

te neque umquam dubitasse, neque timuisse,

Caes. B. G. 1, 41, 3:

sed mora damnosa est, nec res dubitare remittit,

Ov. M. 11, 377:

quid igitur ego dubito?

Plaut. Am. 1, 2, 283;

so in an interrog.,

id. Men. 5, 7, 6; Caes. B. G. 5, 44, 3; Verg. A. 9, 12:

magnitudine supplicii dubitantes cogit,

Caes. B. G. 7, 4, 9; id. ib. 7, 63, 3; Sall. C. 28, 1 al.:

dubitantia lumina,

failing, Sil. 10, 154. —Hence,

dŭbĭtanter, adv.

Doubtingly:

sine ulla affirmatione, dubitanter unum quodque dicemus,

Cic. Inv. 2, 3, 10.—

Hesitatingly, with hesitancy (very rare):

illum verecunde et dubitanter recepisse,

Cic. Brut. 22, 87; cf. Asin. Pollio ap. Cic. Fam. 10, 31, 2.—

dŭbĭ-tātim, adv. (i. q. dubitanter, 2.), hesitatingly, with hesitation (only in the foll. passages), Sisenn. ap. Non. 98, 33; so Cael. Ann. ib.

ef-fĭcĭo ( ecfacio), fēci, fectum, 3 ( perf. subj. effexis, Plaut. As. 3, 5, 63; id. Poen. 1, 3, 19; inf. pass. ecfiĕri, id. Pers. 5, 1, 9; Lucr. 6, 761), v. a., to make out, work out; hence, to bring to pass, to effect, execute, complete, accomplish, make, form (very freq. in all periods and sorts of writing).

In gen.

With acc.:

male quod mulier facere incepit, nisi id ecficere perpetrat,

Plaut. Truc. 2, 5, 12 sq.; cf. id. Pers. 5, 1, 9; Caes. B. C. 1, 36 fin.; 1, 61, 2:

magna facinora,

Plaut. Ps. 2, 1, 16; so,

facinora,

Cic. Phil. 2, 42, 109; cf.

opus,

id. ib. 4, 1, 6; Plaut. Truc. 5, 17; Caes. B. G. 4, 18, 1; 7, 35, 4 et saep.:

pontem,

id. ib. 6, 6, 1; id. B. C. 1, 40, 1; 1, 62 fin.:

ligneas turres, tormenta,

id. ib. 3, 9, 3; 3, 39 fin.:

castella,

id. ib. 3, 44, 3:

panes ex hoc (genere radicis),

id. ib. 3, 48, 3:

sphaeram (Archimedes),

Cic. Rep. 1, 17:

columnam,

id. Verr. 2, 1, 56 et saep.:

Mosa insulam efficit Batavorum,

Caes. B. G. 4, 10, 2; id. ib. § 4; id. B. C. 3, 40, 4; cf.:

portum (insula),

id. ib. 3, 112, 2; Verg. A. 1, 160:

magnum numerum cratium, scalarum, etc.,

Caes. B. G. 7, 81, 1:

aliquid dignum dono deorum,

Cic. Rep. 3, 3; cf. id. de Or. 1, 26, 120:

civitatem,

id. Rep. 2, 30; cf. id. ib. 3, 32:

varios concentus, septem sonos,

id. ib. 6, 18:

magnas rerum commutationes,

Caes. B. C. 3, 68, 1:

tantos progressus,

Cic. Brut. 78, 272:

clamores et admirationes in bonis oratoribus,

id. de Or. 1, 33, 152; id. Q. Fr. 3, 1, 3 et saep.:

XIII. cohortes,

Caes. B. C. 1, 15, 5; cf.:

delectu habito duas legiones,

id. ib. 1, 31, 2:

unam ex duabus (legionibus),

id. ib. 3, 89, 1:

ad duo milia ferme boum,

Liv. 22, 16 et saep.:

lepide meum officium,

Plaut. Truc. 4, 2, 1 sq.; cf.:

nostra munia,

id. Stich. 5, 4, 13:

munus,

Cic. Rep. 1, 46 fin.; id. Leg. 1, 5, 16:

nuptias alicui,

Ter. And. 3, 4, 16:

aurum alicui,

Plaut. Bacch. 2, 2, 55; cf. id. Poen. 1, 1, 57; Ter. Heaut. 3, 3, 23:

hanc mulierem tibi,

Plaut. Ps. 1, 1, 110 et saep.:

quod a Curione effeceram,

had procured, obtained, Cic. Att. 10, 10:

amor mores hominum moros et morosos ecficit,

Plaut. Trin. 3, 2, 43.—With two accs.:

fortuna eos efficit caecos, quos complexa est,

Cic. Lael. 15, 54; id. Off. 1, 1, 2; id. Rep. 2, 42; Caes. B. G. 3, 24 fin. et saep.; cf.:

hunc (montem) murus circumdatus arcem efficit,

id. ib. 1, 38, 6:

aliquem consulem,

Cic. Lael. 20, 73:

aliquem dictatorem,

id. Att. 15, 21; cf.

also: quae res immani corporum magnitudine homines efficit,

Caes. B. G. 4, 1, 9; and:

id (genus radicis) ad similitudinem panis efficiebant,

id. B. C. 3, 48, 1.—

With ut:

eniti et efficere, ut, etc.,

Cic. Lael. 16, 59; id. Rep. 1, 20; 3, 31; Caes. B. G. 2, 5, 5; 2, 17, 4 et saep.; cf.:

hoc si efficiam plane, ut, etc.,

Plaut. Mil. 3, 3, 62:

si id efficere non posset, ut, etc.,

Caes. B. G. 5, 50, 3:

neque polliceor me effecturum, ut, etc.,

Cic. Rep. 1, 24 fin. —Ellips. of ut:

effice, di coëamus in unum,

Ov. F. 3, 683.—

With ne (rare):

efficio ne cui molesti sint publicani,

Cic. Att. 6, 1, 16:

qui efficiant, ne quid inter privatum et magistratum differat,

id. Rep. 1, 43, 67; id. Fin. 4, 4, 10; Liv. 8, 7, 6:

efficiam, posthac ne quemquam voce lacessas,

Verg. E. 3, 51; Dig. 3, 3, 78; cf.:

aliquem or aliquid, ne, etc.,

ib. 19, 2, 35; Quint. 3, 6, 102; 8, 3, 20.—

With quominus (very seldom), Lucr. 1, 977; Quint. 11, 1, 48; Dig. 49, 14, [p. 630] 29; so with quo magis:

saevitia collegae quo is magis ingenio suo gauderet effecit,

Liv. 2, 60, 1.—

With obj. acc. and inf. (very rare, and not ante-Aug.):

vehementer efficit ea coire, etc.,

Vitr. 2, 6; Dig. 38, 2, 14, § 8; 47, 11, 10.—

Absol. (freq. and class.):

si effecero, Dabin' mihi argentum?

Plaut. Ps. 1, 5, 121; cf. id. ib. 4, 1, 39 sq.; 4, 8, 5; id. Pers. 1, 3, 87; Caes. B. G. 7, 26, 2 et saep.:

se a scientiae delectatione ad efficiendi utilitatem referre,

Cic. Rep. 5, 3.

In partic.

In econom. lang., to produce, bear, yield:

(ager Leontinus) plurimum efficit,

Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 63 fin.; cf.:

ager efficit cum octavo, cum decumo,

id. ib. 2, 3, 47:

si (vineae) centenos sestertios in singula jugera efficiant,

Col. 3, 3, 3:

cum matres binae ternos haedos efficiunt,

id. 7, 6, 7.— Transf. to persons:

liciti sunt usque eo, quoad se efficere posse arbitrabantur,

i. e. to make a profit, Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 33 fin. —

Of numbers, to make out, yield, amount to a certain sum:

ea (tributa) vix, in fenus Pompeii quod satis sit, efficiunt,

Cic. Att. 6, 1, 3 (cf. shortly before:

nec id satis efficit [al. efficitur] in usuram menstruam),

Plin. 6, 33, 38, § 206; cf. ib. § 209; Col. 5, 2, 6; 8 sq.—

In philos. lang., to make out, show, prove (with acc. and inf., ut, ne, or absol.):

quod proposuit efficit, Cic. Par. prooem. § 2: in quibus (libris) vult efficere animos esse mortales,

id. Tusc. 1, 31 fin. —In the pass. impers.: efficitur, it follows (from something):

ita efficitur, ut omne corpus mortale sit,

id. N. D. 3, 12, 30:

ex quo efficitur, hominem naturae obedientem homini nocere non posse,

id. Tusc. 3, 5, 25; cf.:

ex quo illud efficitur, ne justos quidem esse natura,

id. Rep. 3, 11:

quid igitur efficitur?

what follows from that? id. ib. 3, 12.—Hence,

effĭcĭens, entis, P. a.

Adj., effecting, effective, efficient. —In philos. lang.:

proximus est locus rerum efficientium, quae causae appellantur: deinde rerum effectarum ab efficientibus causis,

Cic. Top. 14 fin.; cf. id. Ac. 1, 6, 24; id. Fin. 3, 16, 55; id. Div. 1, 55, 125; id. Fat. 14, 33; Quint. 5, 10, 86. —

Subst., with gen.: virtus efficiens utilitatis, the producer = effectrix, Cic. Off. 3, 3, 12; so,

voluptatis (virtus),

id. ib. 3, 33; cf.:

ea, quae sunt luxuriosis efficientia voluptatum,

id. Fin. 2, 7, 21; and:

(causae) efficientes pulcherrimarum rerum,

id. Univ. 14 fin. —

* Adv.: effĭcĭenter, efficiently (for which in the post-Aug. per., efficaciter):

ut id ei causa sit, quod cuique efficienter antecedat,

Cic. Fat. 15, 34.—

effectus, a, um, P. a., worked out, i. e.

Effected, completed:

una (materia) diligenter effecta plus proderit quam plures inchoatae et quasi degustatae,

Quint. 10, 5, 23; cf. id. 5, 13, 34; 8, 3, 88.—In the comp.:

aliquid nitidius atque effectius,

Quint. 12, 10, 45.—

Effected, in philos. lang. (opp. causa efficiens), Cic. Top. 18; cf.

res,

id. ib. 4; 14 fin.; and subst.: effectum, i, n., an effect, id. ib. 3; Quint. 6, 3, 66; 5, 10, 94. — Adv.: effecte.

Effectively, in fact, Mart. 2, 27, 3; Amm. 16, 5, 7.—

Effectually, efficaciously:

effectius,

App. Flor. 16, p. 357.— Sup. does not occur.

ef-fĭcĭo ( ecfacio), fēci, fectum, 3 ( perf. subj. effexis, Plaut. As. 3, 5, 63; id. Poen. 1, 3, 19; inf. pass. ecfiĕri, id. Pers. 5, 1, 9; Lucr. 6, 761), v. a., to make out, work out; hence, to bring to pass, to effect, execute, complete, accomplish, make, form (very freq. in all periods and sorts of writing).

In gen.

With acc.:

male quod mulier facere incepit, nisi id ecficere perpetrat,

Plaut. Truc. 2, 5, 12 sq.; cf. id. Pers. 5, 1, 9; Caes. B. C. 1, 36 fin.; 1, 61, 2:

magna facinora,

Plaut. Ps. 2, 1, 16; so,

facinora,

Cic. Phil. 2, 42, 109; cf.

opus,

id. ib. 4, 1, 6; Plaut. Truc. 5, 17; Caes. B. G. 4, 18, 1; 7, 35, 4 et saep.:

pontem,

id. ib. 6, 6, 1; id. B. C. 1, 40, 1; 1, 62 fin.:

ligneas turres, tormenta,

id. ib. 3, 9, 3; 3, 39 fin.:

castella,

id. ib. 3, 44, 3:

panes ex hoc (genere radicis),

id. ib. 3, 48, 3:

sphaeram (Archimedes),

Cic. Rep. 1, 17:

columnam,

id. Verr. 2, 1, 56 et saep.:

Mosa insulam efficit Batavorum,

Caes. B. G. 4, 10, 2; id. ib. § 4; id. B. C. 3, 40, 4; cf.:

portum (insula),

id. ib. 3, 112, 2; Verg. A. 1, 160:

magnum numerum cratium, scalarum, etc.,

Caes. B. G. 7, 81, 1:

aliquid dignum dono deorum,

Cic. Rep. 3, 3; cf. id. de Or. 1, 26, 120:

civitatem,

id. Rep. 2, 30; cf. id. ib. 3, 32:

varios concentus, septem sonos,

id. ib. 6, 18:

magnas rerum commutationes,

Caes. B. C. 3, 68, 1:

tantos progressus,

Cic. Brut. 78, 272:

clamores et admirationes in bonis oratoribus,

id. de Or. 1, 33, 152; id. Q. Fr. 3, 1, 3 et saep.:

XIII. cohortes,

Caes. B. C. 1, 15, 5; cf.:

delectu habito duas legiones,

id. ib. 1, 31, 2:

unam ex duabus (legionibus),

id. ib. 3, 89, 1:

ad duo milia ferme boum,

Liv. 22, 16 et saep.:

lepide meum officium,

Plaut. Truc. 4, 2, 1 sq.; cf.:

nostra munia,

id. Stich. 5, 4, 13:

munus,

Cic. Rep. 1, 46 fin.; id. Leg. 1, 5, 16:

nuptias alicui,

Ter. And. 3, 4, 16:

aurum alicui,

Plaut. Bacch. 2, 2, 55; cf. id. Poen. 1, 1, 57; Ter. Heaut. 3, 3, 23:

hanc mulierem tibi,

Plaut. Ps. 1, 1, 110 et saep.:

quod a Curione effeceram,

had procured, obtained, Cic. Att. 10, 10:

amor mores hominum moros et morosos ecficit,

Plaut. Trin. 3, 2, 43.—With two accs.:

fortuna eos efficit caecos, quos complexa est,

Cic. Lael. 15, 54; id. Off. 1, 1, 2; id. Rep. 2, 42; Caes. B. G. 3, 24 fin. et saep.; cf.:

hunc (montem) murus circumdatus arcem efficit,

id. ib. 1, 38, 6:

aliquem consulem,

Cic. Lael. 20, 73:

aliquem dictatorem,

id. Att. 15, 21; cf.

also: quae res immani corporum magnitudine homines efficit,

Caes. B. G. 4, 1, 9; and:

id (genus radicis) ad similitudinem panis efficiebant,

id. B. C. 3, 48, 1.—

With ut:

eniti et efficere, ut, etc.,

Cic. Lael. 16, 59; id. Rep. 1, 20; 3, 31; Caes. B. G. 2, 5, 5; 2, 17, 4 et saep.; cf.:

hoc si efficiam plane, ut, etc.,

Plaut. Mil. 3, 3, 62:

si id efficere non posset, ut, etc.,

Caes. B. G. 5, 50, 3:

neque polliceor me effecturum, ut, etc.,

Cic. Rep. 1, 24 fin. —Ellips. of ut:

effice, di coëamus in unum,

Ov. F. 3, 683.—

With ne (rare):

efficio ne cui molesti sint publicani,

Cic. Att. 6, 1, 16:

qui efficiant, ne quid inter privatum et magistratum differat,

id. Rep. 1, 43, 67; id. Fin. 4, 4, 10; Liv. 8, 7, 6:

efficiam, posthac ne quemquam voce lacessas,

Verg. E. 3, 51; Dig. 3, 3, 78; cf.:

aliquem or aliquid, ne, etc.,

ib. 19, 2, 35; Quint. 3, 6, 102; 8, 3, 20.—

With quominus (very seldom), Lucr. 1, 977; Quint. 11, 1, 48; Dig. 49, 14, [p. 630] 29; so with quo magis:

saevitia collegae quo is magis ingenio suo gauderet effecit,

Liv. 2, 60, 1.—

With obj. acc. and inf. (very rare, and not ante-Aug.):

vehementer efficit ea coire, etc.,

Vitr. 2, 6; Dig. 38, 2, 14, § 8; 47, 11, 10.—

Absol. (freq. and class.):

si effecero, Dabin' mihi argentum?

Plaut. Ps. 1, 5, 121; cf. id. ib. 4, 1, 39 sq.; 4, 8, 5; id. Pers. 1, 3, 87; Caes. B. G. 7, 26, 2 et saep.:

se a scientiae delectatione ad efficiendi utilitatem referre,

Cic. Rep. 5, 3.

In partic.

In econom. lang., to produce, bear, yield:

(ager Leontinus) plurimum efficit,

Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 63 fin.; cf.:

ager efficit cum octavo, cum decumo,

id. ib. 2, 3, 47:

si (vineae) centenos sestertios in singula jugera efficiant,

Col. 3, 3, 3:

cum matres binae ternos haedos efficiunt,

id. 7, 6, 7.— Transf. to persons:

liciti sunt usque eo, quoad se efficere posse arbitrabantur,

i. e. to make a profit, Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 33 fin. —

Of numbers, to make out, yield, amount to a certain sum:

ea (tributa) vix, in fenus Pompeii quod satis sit, efficiunt,

Cic. Att. 6, 1, 3 (cf. shortly before:

nec id satis efficit [al. efficitur] in usuram menstruam),

Plin. 6, 33, 38, § 206; cf. ib. § 209; Col. 5, 2, 6; 8 sq.—

In philos. lang., to make out, show, prove (with acc. and inf., ut, ne, or absol.):

quod proposuit efficit, Cic. Par. prooem. § 2: in quibus (libris) vult efficere animos esse mortales,

id. Tusc. 1, 31 fin. —In the pass. impers.: efficitur, it follows (from something):

ita efficitur, ut omne corpus mortale sit,

id. N. D. 3, 12, 30:

ex quo efficitur, hominem naturae obedientem homini nocere non posse,

id. Tusc. 3, 5, 25; cf.:

ex quo illud efficitur, ne justos quidem esse natura,

id. Rep. 3, 11:

quid igitur efficitur?

what follows from that? id. ib. 3, 12.—Hence,

effĭcĭens, entis, P. a.

Adj., effecting, effective, efficient. —In philos. lang.:

proximus est locus rerum efficientium, quae causae appellantur: deinde rerum effectarum ab efficientibus causis,

Cic. Top. 14 fin.; cf. id. Ac. 1, 6, 24; id. Fin. 3, 16, 55; id. Div. 1, 55, 125; id. Fat. 14, 33; Quint. 5, 10, 86. —

Subst., with gen.: virtus efficiens utilitatis, the producer = effectrix, Cic. Off. 3, 3, 12; so,

voluptatis (virtus),

id. ib. 3, 33; cf.:

ea, quae sunt luxuriosis efficientia voluptatum,

id. Fin. 2, 7, 21; and:

(causae) efficientes pulcherrimarum rerum,

id. Univ. 14 fin. —

* Adv.: effĭcĭenter, efficiently (for which in the post-Aug. per., efficaciter):

ut id ei causa sit, quod cuique efficienter antecedat,

Cic. Fat. 15, 34.—

effectus, a, um, P. a., worked out, i. e.

Effected, completed:

una (materia) diligenter effecta plus proderit quam plures inchoatae et quasi degustatae,

Quint. 10, 5, 23; cf. id. 5, 13, 34; 8, 3, 88.—In the comp.:

aliquid nitidius atque effectius,

Quint. 12, 10, 45.—

Effected, in philos. lang. (opp. causa efficiens), Cic. Top. 18; cf.

res,

id. ib. 4; 14 fin.; and subst.: effectum, i, n., an effect, id. ib. 3; Quint. 6, 3, 66; 5, 10, 94. — Adv.: effecte.

Effectively, in fact, Mart. 2, 27, 3; Amm. 16, 5, 7.—

Effectually, efficaciously:

effectius,

App. Flor. 16, p. 357.— Sup. does not occur.

ef-fĭcĭo ( ecfacio), fēci, fectum, 3 ( perf. subj. effexis, Plaut. As. 3, 5, 63; id. Poen. 1, 3, 19; inf. pass. ecfiĕri, id. Pers. 5, 1, 9; Lucr. 6, 761), v. a., to make out, work out; hence, to bring to pass, to effect, execute, complete, accomplish, make, form (very freq. in all periods and sorts of writing).

In gen.

With acc.:

male quod mulier facere incepit, nisi id ecficere perpetrat,

Plaut. Truc. 2, 5, 12 sq.; cf. id. Pers. 5, 1, 9; Caes. B. C. 1, 36 fin.; 1, 61, 2:

magna facinora,

Plaut. Ps. 2, 1, 16; so,

facinora,

Cic. Phil. 2, 42, 109; cf.

opus,

id. ib. 4, 1, 6; Plaut. Truc. 5, 17; Caes. B. G. 4, 18, 1; 7, 35, 4 et saep.:

pontem,

id. ib. 6, 6, 1; id. B. C. 1, 40, 1; 1, 62 fin.:

ligneas turres, tormenta,

id. ib. 3, 9, 3; 3, 39 fin.:

castella,

id. ib. 3, 44, 3:

panes ex hoc (genere radicis),

id. ib. 3, 48, 3:

sphaeram (Archimedes),

Cic. Rep. 1, 17:

columnam,

id. Verr. 2, 1, 56 et saep.:

Mosa insulam efficit Batavorum,

Caes. B. G. 4, 10, 2; id. ib. § 4; id. B. C. 3, 40, 4; cf.:

portum (insula),

id. ib. 3, 112, 2; Verg. A. 1, 160:

magnum numerum cratium, scalarum, etc.,

Caes. B. G. 7, 81, 1:

aliquid dignum dono deorum,

Cic. Rep. 3, 3; cf. id. de Or. 1, 26, 120:

civitatem,

id. Rep. 2, 30; cf. id. ib. 3, 32:

varios concentus, septem sonos,

id. ib. 6, 18:

magnas rerum commutationes,

Caes. B. C. 3, 68, 1:

tantos progressus,

Cic. Brut. 78, 272:

clamores et admirationes in bonis oratoribus,

id. de Or. 1, 33, 152; id. Q. Fr. 3, 1, 3 et saep.:

XIII. cohortes,

Caes. B. C. 1, 15, 5; cf.:

delectu habito duas legiones,

id. ib. 1, 31, 2:

unam ex duabus (legionibus),

id. ib. 3, 89, 1:

ad duo milia ferme boum,

Liv. 22, 16 et saep.:

lepide meum officium,

Plaut. Truc. 4, 2, 1 sq.; cf.:

nostra munia,

id. Stich. 5, 4, 13:

munus,

Cic. Rep. 1, 46 fin.; id. Leg. 1, 5, 16:

nuptias alicui,

Ter. And. 3, 4, 16:

aurum alicui,

Plaut. Bacch. 2, 2, 55; cf. id. Poen. 1, 1, 57; Ter. Heaut. 3, 3, 23:

hanc mulierem tibi,

Plaut. Ps. 1, 1, 110 et saep.:

quod a Curione effeceram,

had procured, obtained, Cic. Att. 10, 10:

amor mores hominum moros et morosos ecficit,

Plaut. Trin. 3, 2, 43.—With two accs.:

fortuna eos efficit caecos, quos complexa est,

Cic. Lael. 15, 54; id. Off. 1, 1, 2; id. Rep. 2, 42; Caes. B. G. 3, 24 fin. et saep.; cf.:

hunc (montem) murus circumdatus arcem efficit,

id. ib. 1, 38, 6:

aliquem consulem,

Cic. Lael. 20, 73:

aliquem dictatorem,

id. Att. 15, 21; cf.

also: quae res immani corporum magnitudine homines efficit,

Caes. B. G. 4, 1, 9; and:

id (genus radicis) ad similitudinem panis efficiebant,

id. B. C. 3, 48, 1.—

With ut:

eniti et efficere, ut, etc.,

Cic. Lael. 16, 59; id. Rep. 1, 20; 3, 31; Caes. B. G. 2, 5, 5; 2, 17, 4 et saep.; cf.:

hoc si efficiam plane, ut, etc.,

Plaut. Mil. 3, 3, 62:

si id efficere non posset, ut, etc.,

Caes. B. G. 5, 50, 3:

neque polliceor me effecturum, ut, etc.,

Cic. Rep. 1, 24 fin. —Ellips. of ut:

effice, di coëamus in unum,

Ov. F. 3, 683.—

With ne (rare):

efficio ne cui molesti sint publicani,

Cic. Att. 6, 1, 16:

qui efficiant, ne quid inter privatum et magistratum differat,

id. Rep. 1, 43, 67; id. Fin. 4, 4, 10; Liv. 8, 7, 6:

efficiam, posthac ne quemquam voce lacessas,

Verg. E. 3, 51; Dig. 3, 3, 78; cf.:

aliquem or aliquid, ne, etc.,

ib. 19, 2, 35; Quint. 3, 6, 102; 8, 3, 20.—

With quominus (very seldom), Lucr. 1, 977; Quint. 11, 1, 48; Dig. 49, 14, [p. 630] 29; so with quo magis:

saevitia collegae quo is magis ingenio suo gauderet effecit,

Liv. 2, 60, 1.—

With obj. acc. and inf. (very rare, and not ante-Aug.):

vehementer efficit ea coire, etc.,

Vitr. 2, 6; Dig. 38, 2, 14, § 8; 47, 11, 10.—

Absol. (freq. and class.):

si effecero, Dabin' mihi argentum?

Plaut. Ps. 1, 5, 121; cf. id. ib. 4, 1, 39 sq.; 4, 8, 5; id. Pers. 1, 3, 87; Caes. B. G. 7, 26, 2 et saep.:

se a scientiae delectatione ad efficiendi utilitatem referre,

Cic. Rep. 5, 3.

In partic.

In econom. lang., to produce, bear, yield:

(ager Leontinus) plurimum efficit,

Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 63 fin.; cf.:

ager efficit cum octavo, cum decumo,

id. ib. 2, 3, 47:

si (vineae) centenos sestertios in singula jugera efficiant,

Col. 3, 3, 3:

cum matres binae ternos haedos efficiunt,

id. 7, 6, 7.— Transf. to persons:

liciti sunt usque eo, quoad se efficere posse arbitrabantur,

i. e. to make a profit, Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 33 fin. —

Of numbers, to make out, yield, amount to a certain sum:

ea (tributa) vix, in fenus Pompeii quod satis sit, efficiunt,

Cic. Att. 6, 1, 3 (cf. shortly before:

nec id satis efficit [al. efficitur] in usuram menstruam),

Plin. 6, 33, 38, § 206; cf. ib. § 209; Col. 5, 2, 6; 8 sq.—

In philos. lang., to make out, show, prove (with acc. and inf., ut, ne, or absol.):

quod proposuit efficit, Cic. Par. prooem. § 2: in quibus (libris) vult efficere animos esse mortales,

id. Tusc. 1, 31 fin. —In the pass. impers.: efficitur, it follows (from something):

ita efficitur, ut omne corpus mortale sit,

id. N. D. 3, 12, 30:

ex quo efficitur, hominem naturae obedientem homini nocere non posse,

id. Tusc. 3, 5, 25; cf.:

ex quo illud efficitur, ne justos quidem esse natura,

id. Rep. 3, 11:

quid igitur efficitur?

what follows from that? id. ib. 3, 12.—Hence,

effĭcĭens, entis, P. a.

Adj., effecting, effective, efficient. —In philos. lang.:

proximus est locus rerum efficientium, quae causae appellantur: deinde rerum effectarum ab efficientibus causis,

Cic. Top. 14 fin.; cf. id. Ac. 1, 6, 24; id. Fin. 3, 16, 55; id. Div. 1, 55, 125; id. Fat. 14, 33; Quint. 5, 10, 86. —

Subst., with gen.: virtus efficiens utilitatis, the producer = effectrix, Cic. Off. 3, 3, 12; so,

voluptatis (virtus),

id. ib. 3, 33; cf.:

ea, quae sunt luxuriosis efficientia voluptatum,

id. Fin. 2, 7, 21; and:

(causae) efficientes pulcherrimarum rerum,

id. Univ. 14 fin. —

* Adv.: effĭcĭenter, efficiently (for which in the post-Aug. per., efficaciter):

ut id ei causa sit, quod cuique efficienter antecedat,

Cic. Fat. 15, 34.—

effectus, a, um, P. a., worked out, i. e.

Effected, completed:

una (materia) diligenter effecta plus proderit quam plures inchoatae et quasi degustatae,

Quint. 10, 5, 23; cf. id. 5, 13, 34; 8, 3, 88.—In the comp.:

aliquid nitidius atque effectius,

Quint. 12, 10, 45.—

Effected, in philos. lang. (opp. causa efficiens), Cic. Top. 18; cf.

res,

id. ib. 4; 14 fin.; and subst.: effectum, i, n., an effect, id. ib. 3; Quint. 6, 3, 66; 5, 10, 94. — Adv.: effecte.

Effectively, in fact, Mart. 2, 27, 3; Amm. 16, 5, 7.—

Effectually, efficaciously:

effectius,

App. Flor. 16, p. 357.— Sup. does not occur.

findo, fĭdi, fissum, 3, v. a. [root Sanscr. bhid-, to cleave; Germ. beissen; Engl. bite], to cleave, split, part, separate, divide (class.; cf.: scindo, seco, caedo).

Lit.: hoc enim quasi rostro finditur Fibrenus et divisus aequaliter in duas partes latera haec alluit, Cic. Leg. 2, 3, 6; cf.:

inimicam findite rostris Hanc terram,

Verg. A. 10, 295:

patrios findere sarculo agros,

Hor. C. 1, 1, 11:

terras vomere,

Ov. A. A. 2, 671:

mare carinā,

Prop. 3, 9 (4, 8), 35:

Assaraci tellus, quam... Findunt Scamandri flumina,

Hor. Epod. 13, 14:

hiulca siti findit Canis aestifer arva,

Verg. G. 2, 353; cf.:

arentes cum findit Sirius agros,

Tib. 1, 7, 21:

rubra Canicula findet Statuas,

Hor. S. 2, 5, 39:

os,

Cels. 8, 4 med.; cf. id. 8, 3 fin.:

specularis lapis finditur in quamlibet tenues crustas,

Plin. 36, 22, 45, § 160; cf. Quint. 11, 3, 21:

hic locus est, partes ubi se via findit in ambas,

Verg. A. 6, 540; id. G. 2, 78; Ov. M. 4, 65.—

In part. perf.:

fissa ferarum ungula,

Lucr. 4, 680:

ungulae equi,

Suet. Caes. 61:

lingua in partes duas,

Ov. M. 4, 585:

lignum,

Verg. A. 9, 413:

ferulae,

Cels. 8, 10; cf. id. 8, 3 fin. —

Mid., to split, burst ( poet. and very rare):

turgescit bilis: findor,

I am ready to burst with rage, Pers. 3, 8:

cor meum et cerebrum finditur,

Plaut. Bacch. 2, 4, 17: Marsis finduntur cantibus angues, Ov. Med. fac. 39.—

Trop., to divide ( poet. and very seldom):

Idus sunt agendae, Qui dies mensem Veneris marinae Findit Aprilem,

Hor. C. 4, 11, 16:

fissa voluntas,

Prud. Psych. 760.—Hence, fissum, i, n., a cleft, slit, fissure.

In gen. (very rare):

postquam implevisti fusti fissorum caput,

Plaut. Aul. 3, 4, 7:

ad ani fissa,

Cels. 5, 20, 5.—

Esp., in the lang. of augurs, of the divided liver:

jecorum,

Cic. Div. 1, 52, 118; cf.:

fissum in exitis,

id. ib. 1, 10, 16;

jecoris,

id. N. D. 3, 6, 14:

familiare et vitale,

id. Div. 2, 13, 32.

ē-lăbōro, āvi, ātum, 1, v. n. and a.

Neutr., to labor, endeavor, exert one's self, take pains either successfully or perseveringly = eniti (class.; most freq. in Cic.).— Constr. with ut, in aliqua re, in aliquid, with acc. and inf. as object, or absol.

With ut:

enitere, elabora, vel potius eblandire, effice, ut, etc.,

Cic. Att. 16, 16 C, § 12; id. Q. Fr. 1, 1, 14 fin.; id. de Or. 2, 72 fin.; Q. Cic. Petit. Cons. 5, 18 (twice); and pass. impers.:

aperte elaboratur, ut verba verbis respondeant,

Cic. Or. 12, 38.—

In aliqua re (so in Cic. most freq.):

elaborant (senes) in iis, quae, etc.,

Cic. de Sen. 7, 24 Gernh.; 8, 26; 11, 38; id. Tusc. 1, 1, 1; id. de Or. 1, 3; 1, 5, 18; id. Or. 16 fin.; id. Off. 1, 1, 3; id. Agr. 2, 25 fin.; id. Div. in Caecil. 12, 39; id. Fam. 2, 6 fin. al.; Quint. 5, 10, 119; and pass. impers., Tac. Or. 29.—

Also in eo (iis), ut, etc.,

Cic. Fin. 1, 4; Quint. 4, 1, 45.—

In aliquid (very seldom):

ei non in unam partem aliquam, sed in omnia elaborandum est,

Quint. 2, 8, 8; cf.:

totis mentibus huc tendamus, in hoc elaboremus,

id. 12, 1, 31, v. Spald. N. cr. —

With acc. and inf. as object:

(declamatores) breviores commentarios facere elaborarunt,

Quint. 3, 8, 58.—

Absol. (very rare), Q. Cic. Petit. Cons. 6, 24; so Dom. Afer. in Quint. 6, 3, 68:

arte,

Vulg. Sap. 14, 19.—

Act., to labor on, take pains with, to work out, elaborate (so for the most part only in the pass., and esp. freq. since the Aug. period):

quicquid elaborari aut effici potuerit ad istorum benevolentiam conciliandam,

Cic. Fam. 9, 16:

in ingenio quoque, sicut in agro, quamquam diu serantur atque elaborentur,

Tac. Or. 6 fin.:

a Graecis elaborata dicendi vis atque copia,

Cic. Brut. 7, 26:

causae diligenter elaboratae et tamquam elucubratae,

carefully elaborated, id. ib. 90 fin.; cf. in the part. perf., id. de Imp. Pomp. 1, 1; id. Cael. 19, 45; Quint. 4, 1, 54; 8, 3, 12; Hor. Epod. 14, 12 al.:

elaboratum a parentibus imperium,

acquired by the labors of, Just. 1, 2, 11.—In the act.:

candelabrorum superficiem,

Plin. 34, 3, 6, § 11:

non Siculae dapes Dulcem elaborabunt saporem,

Hor. C. 3, 1, 19.—

In rhet.: ēlăbōrātus, a, um, P. a., sometimes with the accessory notion of overdoing, elaborate:

elaborata concinnitas,

Cic. Or. 25, 84:

nihil arcessiti et elaborati,

Quint. 12, 10, 40.

umquam ( unquam), adv. temp. [etym dub.], at any time, ever (opp. never; cf. aliquando); most freq. in neg. clauses, sometimes also in interrogations and in conditional clauses; but very seldom in affirmations. [p. 1929]

In neg. clauses.

Lit.:

quod (principium) si numquam oritur, ne occidit quidem umquam,

Cic. Rep. 6, 25, 27: quod nemo umquam homo antehac Vidit, Plant. Am. 2, 1, 16; cf. id. ib. 2, 1, 41:

neque umquam quicquam me juvat quod edo domi,

id. Capt. 1, 2, 33; id. Aul. 3, 1, 3:

quam opinionem nemo umquam mortalis assequi potuit sine, etc.,

Cic. Rep. 2, 10, 17; 2, 15, 29:

quod nec didicerint, nec uniquam scire curaverint,

id. ib. 1, 6, 11:

atque haud sciam an ne opus sit quidem nihil umquam omnino deesse amicis,

id. Lael. 14, 51:

nemo umquam adiit,

id. Har. Resp. 17, 37:

cum ita sim adflictus ut nemo umquam,

id. Att. 3, 12, 1:

itaque quantus non umquam antea exercitus venit,

Liv. 9, 37, 2; 9, 39, 5:

non umquam gravis aere domum mihi dextra redibat,

Verg. E. 1, 36; cf. Prop. 1, 6, 21:

non mehercule hoc umquam dixi,

Quint. 6, 3, 74: utinam ne umquam Mede Colchis cupido corde pedem extulisses, Enn. ap. Non. 297, 20 (Trag. v. 311 Vahl.).—

In clauses, affirmative in form, in which a negation is implied (cf. II. infra):

cave posthac, si me amas, umquam istuc verbum ex te audiam,

Ter. Heaut. 5, 4, 8:

raro umquam, nisi forte, etc.,

hardly ever, Quint. 4, 1, 4; cf.:

difficilior (interrogatio) hoc, quod raro umquam possunt ante judicium scire, quid testis dicturus sit,

id. 5, 7, 22.—

Transf.

In interrogations implying a negative: Le. Sed tu, en umquam cum quiquam viro Consuevisti? Si. Nisi quidem cum Alcesimarcho nemine, Plaut. Cist. 1, 1, 88; Ter. Phorm. 2, 2, 15; so, en umquam, very freq.; v. en: Ps. Eho an umquam tu hujus nupsisti patri? Ba. Di melius faciant, Plaut. Ps. 1, 3, 95:

ullamne ego rem umquam in vita meā Volui, quin? etc.,

Ter. Heaut. 5, 3, 4: dic mihi hoc;

solent tibi umquam oculi duri fieri?

Plaut. Men. 5, 5, 24; 5, 5, 26:

quis homo pro moecho umquam vidit in domo meretriciā Prendi quemquam?

Ter. Eun. 5, 4, 38.—

In conditional clauses;

si umquam in dicendo fuimus aliquid... tum profecto, etc.,

Cic. Att. 4, 2, 2: Al. Di me perdant... Si illam uxorem duxero mihi umquam, quam despondit pater. Me. Et me, si umquam tibi uxorem filiam dedero meam, Plaut. Cist. 2, 1, 31 sq.:

date ergo, daturae Si umquam estis hodie uxorem,

id. Cas. 4, 4, 11:

si te in plateā offendero hac post umquam, periisti,

Ter. Eun. 5, 9 (8), 34:

mihi si umquam filius erit, nae, etc.,

id. Heaut. 2, 1, 5:

si umquam ullum fuit tempus, mater, cum, etc.,

id. ib. 5, 4, 1; id. Hec. 3, 3, 29:

vovisse hunc dicam, si salvos domum redisset umquam,

id. ib. 3, 4, 21:

si quando umquam equestri ope adjutam rempublicam meminerint, illo die annitantur, ut, etc.,

Liv. 10, 14, 11.—

In affirmative clauses (cf. I. A. 2. supra):

plus amat quam te umquam amavit,

Plaut. Ep. 1, 1, 63; id. Bacch. 3, 4, 14; cf. id. ib. 3, 4, 22;

4, 8, 71: ut minime mirum futurum sit, si (Isocrates)... reliquis praestet omnibus, qui umquam orationes attigerunt,

Cic. Or. 13, 41:

quod ei praeter spem acciderat, ut illam terram umquam attingeret,

id. Imp. Pomp. 9, 25: cum tyranno instituere amicitiam;

et tyranno quam, qui umquam fuit, saevissimo, Liv 24, 32, 3: quare nunc quoque, licet major quam umquam moles premat, tamen, etc.,

Quint. 12, prooem. §

2: utinam sit tempus umquam quo perfectus aliquis orator, etc.,

for once, ever, id. 12, 2, 9:

excute: sic umquam longā relevere catenā, Nec tibi perpetuo serva bibatur aqua,

Ov. Am. 1, 6, 25:

scintillam e stellā cadere et augeri terrae appropinquantem... semel umquam proditur, Cn. Octavio C. Scribonio coss.,

Plin. 2, 35, 35, § 100.

ef-flo, āvi, ātum, 1, v. a. and n., to blow or breathe out (mostly poet. and post-Aug. prose).

In gen.:

(Sol) suos efflavit ignes,

Lucr. 5, 652; cf.:

ignes Aetnaeos faucibus,

Verg. A. 7, 786:

ignes ore et naribus,

Ov. M. 2, 85:

lucem elatis naribus (equi solis),

Verg. A. 12, 115:

mare patulis naribus,

Ov. M. 3, 686; cf.:

nimbos in sublime (balaenae),

Plin. 9, 6, 6, § 16:

pulverem,

id. 29, 6, 39, § 138:

vina somno,

Stat. Th. 5, 209:

omnem colorem,

i. e. to lose, Lucr. 2, 833 et saep.:

bestiolae si efflantur (vento),

Varr. R. R. 1, 12, 2.—

Esp. freq.:

animam,

to breathe out one's life, to expire, Cic. Tusc. 1, 9 fin.; Plaut. Pers. 4, 4, 86:

a milite omnis spes,

id. Truc. 4, 4, 23; Cic. Mil. 18 fin.; Nep. Paus. 5, 4; Suet. Dom. 2; id. Aug. 99;

for which also: extremum halitum, Cic. poët. Tusc. 2, 9, 22: vitam in nubila,

Sil. 17, 557; and absol.: (anguem) Abicit efflantem, Cic. poët. Div. 1, 47, 106.—

Transf.

Of wounds:

efflantes plagae,

deadly, which let out life, Stat. Th. 8, 168.—

With an obj. acc. and inf., to say with one's last breath:

quam verum est, quod moriens (Brutus) efflavit, non in re, sed in verbo tantum esse virtutem,

Flor. 4, 7, 11.—

Neutr. (very seldom):

flamma,

Lucr. 6, 681; 699; Stat. Th. 10, 109; Ven. Fort. 4, 26, 128.

error, ōris, m. [id.], a wandering.

In gen., a wandering, straying or strolling about (rare and mostly poet.).

Lit.:

ad quos Ceres m illo errore venisse dicitur,

Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 49, § 108:

error ac dissipatio civium (sc. mercatorum),

id. Rep. 2, 4, 7 Mos. (cf. erratio, I.): navium pars ex errore eodem conferebatur, Auct. B. Afr. 11; cf. Ov. H. 16, 29; id. M. 14, 484; id. Tr. 4, 10, 100; Verg. A. 1, 755; 6, 532 et saep.— Transf., of the motion of atoms, Lucr. 2, 132; of the meanderings of rivers, Ov. M. 1, 582; of the mazes of the labyrinth, id. ib. 8, 161; 167.—

Trop., a wavering, uncertainty:

fluctuat incertis erroribus ardor amantum,

Lucr. 4, 1077: [p. 658] nec, quid corde nunc consili capere possim, Scio, tantus cum cura meo est error animo, Plaut. Merc. 2, 3, 13; cf. Liv. 9, 15; 45; 27, 47; Ov. F. 5, 362 al.; so, too, with obj. gen.:

viarum,

uncertainty, ignorance, Liv. 24, 17; cf.

veri,

Tac. H. 2, 72.—

In partic., a wandering from the right way, a going astray.

Lit. (very seldom):

reduxit me usque ex errore in viam,

Plaut. Ps. 2, 3, 2; Curt. 5, 13 fin. —

Trop., a departing from the truth, an error, mistake, delusion (class.; cf.:

erratum, vitium, peccatum): erroris ego illos et. dementiae complebo,

Plaut. Am. 1, 2, 8:

opinionibus vulgi rapimur in errorem nec vera cernimus,

Cic. Leg. 2, 17, 43; cf.:

inducere imperitos in errorem,

id. Brut. 85, 293; Nep. Hann. 9, 3:

errore quodam fallimur in disputando,

Cic. Rep. 3, 35:

si errorem velis tollere,

id. ib. 1, 24:

errorem tollere,

id. ib. 2, 10; id. Fin. 1, 11, 37:

deponere,

id. Phil. 8, 11, 32:

eripere alicui,

id. Att. 10, 4, 6:

demere,

Hor. Ep. 2, 2, 140 et saep.:

mentis,

i. e. distraction, insanity, Cic. Att. 3, 13, 2; cf. Hor. A. P. 454; Verg. G. 3, 513; so poet. of other kinds of mental perturbation, as fear, Ov. F. 3, 555;

love,

Verg. E. 8, 41; Ov. Am. 1, 10, 9; cf. ib. 1, 2, 35; id. M. 10, 342: aut aliquis latet error;

equo ne credite, Teucri,

some deception, Verg. A. 2, 48; cf. Liv. 22, 1:

par forma aut aetas errorem agnoscentibus fecerat,

Tac. A. 4, 63:

jaculum detulit error in Idam,

Ov. M. 5, 90.—

Esp., an error in language, a solecism, Quint. 1, 5, 47.—

Rarely a moral error, fault (cf. erro, I. B. 2.), Ov. Pont. 4, 8, 20; cf. id. ib. 2, 2, 57; 2, 3, 92.—

Error, personif., = Atê, the inspirer of folly or judicial blindness, Ov. M. 12, 59.

exaggĕrātĭo, ōnis, f. [exaggero], a heaping or raising up. *

Lit. concr., in plur., Just. 2, 1 fin. (al. aggerationes).—

Trop., elevation, exaltation (very seldom); amplitudinem et quasi quandam exaggerationem quam altissimam animi, * Cic. Tusc. 2, 26, 64:

aliqua speciosa orationis,

cumulation, exaggeration, Gell. 13, 24, 9; cf. ib. § 16.

ex-aggĕro, āvi, ātum, 1, v. a., to raise a mound, dam, or dike; to heap up (class.; cf.: acervo, coacervo, cumulo, aggero).

[p. 672] Lit.:

aggesta humo planitiem,

Curt. 6, 5:

terram,

Plin. 19, 8, 41, § 139:

clivum super capita columnarum,

id. 36, 14, 21, § 96:

locum operibus,

to surround with ramparts, Vitr. 10, 22:

pluribus stramentis exaggerandum est aviarium,

to be abundantly filled, supplied, Col. 8, 11, 9.—

Transf., to enlarge, increase by heaping up:

rem familiarem,

Cic. Off. 1, 26, 92; so,

magnas opes,

Phaedr. 3, prol. 25.—

Trop.: hic alteri alteris mortem morti exaggerabant, they mutually heaped up death upon death, Auct. B. Hisp. 5 fin. —Far more freq.,

Transf., to exalt, amplify, heighten, magnify, exaggerate:

nihil est ad exaggerandam et amplificandam orationem accommodatius, quam, etc.,

Cic. de Or. 3, 27; cf.:

oratio nimis alta et exaggerata (opp. humilis et abjecta),

id. Or. 59, 192:

quasi exaggerata altius oratio (with elatio et altitudo orationis),

id. Brut. 17, 66:

artem oratione,

id. de Or. 1, 55; cf.

beneficium verbis,

id. Planc. 29, 71:

immanitatem parricidii vi orationis,

Quint. 9, 2, 53:

injuriam nostram,

id. 6, 2, 23:

animus excelsus et altus et virtutibus exaggeratus,

Cic. Par. 5 fin.:

Xenocrates exaggerans tanto opere virtutem, extenuans cetera et abiciens,

id. Tusc. 5, 18, 51:

auctae exaggerataeque fortunae,

id. Cat. 4, 9 fin.:

juventam alicujus honoribus,

Vell. 2, 129, 2. Hence, *

exaggĕranter, adv., with many words, Tert. de Carn. Chr. 19.—

exaggĕrā-tus, a, um, P. a., cumulated, heightened, elevated (very seldom):

exaggerata verborum volubilitate,

Petr. 124, 3.— Comp., Gell. 13, 24, 25; cf. ib. § 9.

ex-aggĕro, āvi, ātum, 1, v. a., to raise a mound, dam, or dike; to heap up (class.; cf.: acervo, coacervo, cumulo, aggero).

[p. 672] Lit.:

aggesta humo planitiem,

Curt. 6, 5:

terram,

Plin. 19, 8, 41, § 139:

clivum super capita columnarum,

id. 36, 14, 21, § 96:

locum operibus,

to surround with ramparts, Vitr. 10, 22:

pluribus stramentis exaggerandum est aviarium,

to be abundantly filled, supplied, Col. 8, 11, 9.—

Transf., to enlarge, increase by heaping up:

rem familiarem,

Cic. Off. 1, 26, 92; so,

magnas opes,

Phaedr. 3, prol. 25.—

Trop.: hic alteri alteris mortem morti exaggerabant, they mutually heaped up death upon death, Auct. B. Hisp. 5 fin. —Far more freq.,

Transf., to exalt, amplify, heighten, magnify, exaggerate:

nihil est ad exaggerandam et amplificandam orationem accommodatius, quam, etc.,

Cic. de Or. 3, 27; cf.:

oratio nimis alta et exaggerata (opp. humilis et abjecta),

id. Or. 59, 192:

quasi exaggerata altius oratio (with elatio et altitudo orationis),

id. Brut. 17, 66:

artem oratione,

id. de Or. 1, 55; cf.

beneficium verbis,

id. Planc. 29, 71:

immanitatem parricidii vi orationis,

Quint. 9, 2, 53:

injuriam nostram,

id. 6, 2, 23:

animus excelsus et altus et virtutibus exaggeratus,

Cic. Par. 5 fin.:

Xenocrates exaggerans tanto opere virtutem, extenuans cetera et abiciens,

id. Tusc. 5, 18, 51:

auctae exaggerataeque fortunae,

id. Cat. 4, 9 fin.:

juventam alicujus honoribus,

Vell. 2, 129, 2. Hence, *

exaggĕranter, adv., with many words, Tert. de Carn. Chr. 19.—

exaggĕrā-tus, a, um, P. a., cumulated, heightened, elevated (very seldom):

exaggerata verborum volubilitate,

Petr. 124, 3.— Comp., Gell. 13, 24, 25; cf. ib. § 9.

ex-ăgĭto, āvi, ātum, 1, v. freq. a., to drive out of its position or place; to stir up, rouse up, disturb.

Lit. (very seldom):

ut quicquid faecis subsederit exagitet, et in summum reducat,

Col. 12, 19, 4:

vis (venti) exagitata foras erumpitur,

Lucr. 6, 583. — Poet.:

lustra ferarum Venatu,

to disturb, Sil. 16, 553:

lepus hic aliis exagitandus erit,

to rouse, start, Ov. A. A. 3, 662; cf. Petr. 131, 7.—

Trop., to rouse up (qs. like a wild beast), to disquiet, harass, persecute, disturb, torment.

In gen.:

insectandis exagitandisque nummariis judicibus,

Cic. Att. 1, 16, 8; cf. Prop. 2, 8, 19:

permulti sedes suas patrias, istius injuriis exagitati, reliquerant,

Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 18:

ab Suevis complures annos exagitati bello premebantur et agricultura prohibebantur,

Caes. B. G. 4, 1, 2; cf. id. ib. 2, 29 fin.:

at omnes di exagitent me, si, etc.,

Hor. S. 2, 6, 54; cf. Ov. F. 5, 141:

exagitari verberibus Furiarum,

Suet. Ner. 34:

quos flagitium, egestas, conscius animus exagitabat,

Sall. C. 14, 3:

senatus vulgi rumoribus exagitatus,

id. ib. 29, 1:

rem publicam seditionibus,

id. ib. 51, 32.—

In partic.

To scold, rail at, to attack violently, to censure, criticise, satirize, rally (cf.: objurgo, improbo, increpo, vitupero, calumnior, reprehendo;

peto, incuso, etc.): hi omnes convicio L. Lentuli consulis correpti exagitabantur,

Caes. B. C. 1, 2, 4:

cum etiam Demosthenes exagitetur ut putidus,

Cic. Or. 8 fin.; cf. Suet. Aug. 86:

inventi sunt, qui hanc dicendi exercitationem exagitarent atque contemnerent,

Cic. de Or. 3, 16:

in rebus palam a consularibus exagitatis et in summam invidiam adductis,

id. Fam. 1, 1 fin.; cf. Cael. ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 11, 3:

exagitabantur omnes ejus fraudes atque fallaciae,

Cic. Clu. 36, 101; cf. id. Sull. 21:

quod apud Lucilium scite exagitat in Albucio Scaevola, quam lepide lexeis compostae, etc.,

id. Or. 44, 149.—

To stir up, irritate, excite:

coepere (tribuni) senatum criminando plebem exagitare,

Sall. C. 38, 1; cf.

vulgum,

id. J. 73, 5.—In a good sense:

hujus disputationibus et exagitatus maxime orator est et adjutus,

incited, urged onwards, Cic. Or. 3, 12.—Of abstract objects:

in tali tempore tanta vis hominis leniunda quam exagitanda videbatur,

Sall. C. 48, 5; Tac. A. 4, 12.—

Transf., to stir up, excite the passions themselves: ne et meum maerorem exagitem et te in eundem luctum vocem, Cic. Att. 3, 7, 2;

tristes curas,

Luc. 8, 44:

furores immiti corde,

Cat. 64, 94.

ex-plĭco, āvi and ŭi (the latter first in Verg. G. 2, 280; afterwards freq.; Hor. C. 3, 29, 16; 4, 9, 44; id. S. 2, 2, 125; Liv. 7, 23, 6 et saep.; cf. Gell. 1, 7, 20), ātum or ĭtum (Cic. uses mostly atum, Caes. atum and itum; cf.

explicaturos,

Caes. B. C. 1, 78, 4;

with explicitis,

id. ib. 3, 75, 2;

and, explicitius,

id. ib. 1, 78, 2; upon these forms v. Neue, Formenl. 2, pp. 479 sq., 550 sq.), 1, v. a., to unfold, uncoil, unroll, unfurl, spread out, loosen, undo (class.; esp. freq. in the trop. sense; syn.: expedio, extrico, enodo, enucleo; explano, expono, interpretor).

Lit.:

velum,

Plaut. Mil. 4, 8, 7:

non explicata veste neque proposito argento, etc.,

spread out, Cic. de Or. 1, 35, 161:

volumen,

to open, id. Rosc. Am. 35, 101:

suas pennas (ales),

Ov. Am. 2, 6, 55:

plenas plagas,

Mart. 1, 56, 8:

perturbatum et confusum agmen,

to put in order, Hirt. B. G. 8, 14, 2:

capillum pectine,

Varr. L. L. 5, § 129 Müll.:

fusos,

to unwind, Mart. 4, 54, 10:

frontem sollicitam,

to free from wrinkles, to smooth, Hor. C. 3, 29, 16;

for which: explicare seria contractae frontis,

id. S. 2, 2, 125; cf.

mare,

i. e. to calm, Sen. Herc. Oet. 455:

si ex his te laqueis exueris ac te aliqua via ac ratione explicaris,

hast extricated, freed thyself, Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 58, § 151:

se (ex funibus ancorarum),

Dig. 9, 2, 29:

inimicae et oves, difficile se (apibus) e lanis earum explicantibus,

Plin. 11, 18, 19, § 62:

se explicat angustum,

Juv. 12, 55.—

Transf., to spread out, stretch out, extend, deploy, display:

aciem,

Liv. 7, 23, 6; 40, 4, 4; 40, 5, 26 al.; cf.

ordinem,

id. 2, 46, 3:

agmen,

id. 10, 20, 3:

cohortes (longa legio),

Verg. G. 2, 280:

se turmatim (equites),

Caes. B. C. 3, 93, 3; cf.

mid.: priusquam plane legiones explicari et consistere possent,

id. ib. 2, 26, 4; and:

ut ordo omnium navium explicari posset,

Liv. 37, 23, 10:

per obstantis catervas Explicuit sua victor arma,

Hor. C. 4, 9, 44:

atria, congestos satis explicatura clientes,

Stat. Th. 1, 146:

ut forum laxaremus et usque ad atrium Libertatis explicaremus,

extend, Cic. Att. 4, 16, 14; cf.:

unde pons in oppidum pertinens explicatur,

Sall. H. 3, 20:

orbes (serpens),

Ov. M. 15, 720:

frondes omnes (pampinus),

Verg. G. 2, 335:

se (montes),

Plin. 5, 29, 31, § 118:

arida ligna in flammas (ignis),

Lucr. 2, 882:

convivium,

i. e. to set out richly, to furnish, Mart. 1, 100, 13:

explicavi meam rem post illa lucro,

i. e. amplified, enlarged, Plaut. Poen. 3, 5, 5.

Trop.

In gen. (very seldom):

explica atque excute intelligentiam tuam, ut videas quae sit, etc.,

display, Cic. Off. 3, 20, 81: Siciliam multis undique cinctam periculis explicavit, has set at large, set free (qs. released from toils, snares), id. de Imp. Pomp. 11, 30; cf.:

quemadmodum se explicent dicendo,

id. Fl. 4, 10: da operam, ut te explices, huc quam primum venias, Pompei. ap. Cic. Att. 8, 12, D. 2.—

In partic.

To disentangle, set in order, arrange, regulate, settle, adjust any thing complicated or difficult:

pulcre ego hanc explicatam tibi rem dabo,

Plaut. Ps. 4, 1, 20:

peto a te, ut ejus negotia explices et expedias,

Cic. Fam. 13, 26, 2:

negotia,

id. Att. 5, 12, 3; cf. id. ib. 16, 3, 5:

belli rationem,

id. Prov. Cons. 14, 35; cf.:

rationem salutis,

id. Fam. 6, 1, 2:

rem frumentariam,

Hirt. B. G. 8, 4 fin.: si Faberius nobis nomen illud explicat, noli quaerere, quanti, settles, i. e. pays that item, Cic. Att. 13, 29, 2:

Faberianum,

id. ib. § 3; cf.:

si qui debitores, quia non possint explicare pecuniam, differant solutionem,

Dig. 42, 1, 31:

consilium,

Caes. B. C. 1, 78, 4; cf.:

his explicitis rebus,

id. ib. 3, 75, 2: subvenire tempestati quavis ratione sapientis est;

eoque magis, si plus adipiscare re explicatā boni, quam addubitatā mali,

Cic. Off. 1, 24, 83:

ea, quae per defunctum inchoata sunt, per heredem explicari debent,

Dig. 27, 7, 1:

transii ad elegos: hos quoque feliciter explicui,

Plin. Ep. 7, 4, 7 (cf. under

,

Plin. Ep. 8, 1, 1:

fugam,

Phaedr. 4, 7, 15:

nihilo plus explicet ac si Insanire paret, etc.,

will make no more out of it, Hor. S. 2, 3, 270.—

Of speech, to develop, unfold, set forth, exhibit, treat, state: vitam alterius totam explicare, Civ. Div. in Caecil. 8, 27:

perfice, ut Crassus haec, quae coartavit et peranguste refersit in oratione sua, dilatet nobis atque explicet,

id. de Or. 1, 35, 163:

explicando excutiendoque verbo,

id. Part. Or. 36, 124:

aliquid expedite,

id. Brut. 67, 237:

aliquid apertissime planissimeque,

id. Verr. 2, 2, 64, § 156:

aliquid definitione,

id. Fin. 3, 10, 33:

funera fando,

Verg. A. 2, 362:

philosophiam,

Cic. Div. 2, 2, 6; cf.:

philosophiam diligentissime Graecis litteris,

id. Ac. 1, 2, 4:

summorum oratorum Graecas orationes,

id. de Or. 1, 34, 155:

geometricum quiddam aut physicum aut dialecticum (corresp. to expedire),

id. Div. 2, 59, 122:

non de aegritudine solum, sed de omni animi perturbatione explicabo,

id. Tusc. 3, 6, 13:

de scorpionibus et catapultis,

Vitr. 10, 22:

ut explicemus, quae sint materiae, etc.,

Quint. 10, 5, 1.— Pass. impers.:

quae vero auxilia sunt capitis, eo loco explicitum est,

Cels. 4, 2.—Hence,

explĭcātus, a, um, P. a.

Lit., spread out:

Capua planissimo in loco explicata,

Cic. Agr. 2, 35, 96:

vallis,

Pall. Aug. 11, 2.—

Trop.

Well ordered, regular:

in causa facili atque explicata,

Cic. Planc. 2, 5.—

Plain, clear:

nisi explicata solutione non sum discessurus,

Cic. Att. 15, 20, 4.— Comp.:

litterae tuae, quibus nihil potest esse explicatius, nihil perfectius,

Cic. Att. 9, 7, 2.— Sup.:

explicatissima responsa,

Aug. Ep. 34 fin. —

Assured, certain:

nec habet explicatam aut exploratam rationem salutis suae,

Cic. Fam. 6, 1, 2.—

* Adv.: explĭ-cāte, plainly, clearly:

qui distincte, qui explicate, qui abundanter et rebus et verbis dicunt,

Cic. de Or. 3, 14, 53.— Comp.:

explicatius,

August. Civ. D. 19, 4.—

explĭ-cĭtus, a, um, P. a. (acc. to II. B. 1.), lit., disentangled, i. e. free from obstacles, easy:

in his erat angustiis res: sed ex propositis consiliis duobus explicitius videbatur, Ilerdam reverti,

Caes. B. C. 1, 78, 2.

► explĭcit, in late Lat., at the end of a book, is prob. an abbreviation of explicitus (est liber), the book is ended (acc. to signif. II. B. 1.); cf.:

explicitum nobis usque ad sua cornua librum refers,

Mart. 11, 107, 1: solemus completis opusculis ad distinctionem rei alterius sequentis medium interponere Explicit aut Feliciter aut aliquid istius modi, Hier. Ep. 28, 4.

fĕnestra, ae (also contr. festra, Enn. ap. Macr. S. 3, 12; Petr. Fragm. p. 872 Burm.; cf. Paul. ex Fest. p. 91, 6 Müll.), f. [root PHAN, in phainô, phaneros], an opening in the wall to admit the light, a window (orig. closed by two wooden shutters or by curtains, and not till the empire by sheets of mica, lapis specularis; cf.

Dict. of Antiq. p. 520 sq.): neque fenestra, nisi clatrata,

Plaut. Mil. 2, 4, 26:

fenestras indere,

id. Rud. 1, 1, 6:

fenestrarum angustias quod reprehendis,

Cic. Att. 2, 3, 2:

bifores,

Ov. P. 3, 3, 5: juncta, closed, * Hor. C. 1, 25, 1; cf.

patulae,

Ov. M. 14, 752:

reticulatae,

Varr. R. R. 3, 7, 3:

se plena per insertas fundebat luna fenestras,

Verg. A. 3, 152:

diversas percurrens luna fenestras,

Prop. 1, 3, 31 Burm. ad loc.:

fenestram in arca facies,

Vulg. Gen. 6, 16 et saep.—

Transf.

A loop-hole for arrows, etc.:

(in turri) fenestras ad tormenta mittenda, in struendo reliquerunt,

Caes. B. C. 2, 9 fin. —

The recess of a window:

concludere in fenestram firmiter,

Plaut. Cas. 1, 44.—

A breach made by besiegers in a wall:

excisa trabe firma cavavit Robora et ingentem lato dedit ore fenestram,

Verg. A. 2, 482.—

Of the senses, windows for intelligence:

ut facile intelligi possit, animum et videre et audire, non eas partes, quae quasi fenestrae sint animi,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 20, 46 —

Poet., transf., of holes through the tips of the ears:

natus ad Euphraten, molles quod in aure fenestrae Arguerint,

Juv. 1, 104.—

Trop., an entrance, admission, opportunity, inlet, occasion [p. 735] (very seldom):

hui quantam fenestram ad nequitiam patefeceris!

Ter. Heaut. 3, 1, 72: si hanc fenestram aperueritis, nihil aliud agi sinetis, Tiber. ap. Suet. Tib. 28.

rārus, a, um, adj. [etym. dub.; cf. Sanscr. root rah-, to abandon], having wide interstices between its parts, of a loose texture, not thick or dense, thin (opp. densus; freq. and class.).

Lit.:

denseri poterunt ignes, rarique relinqui,

Lucr. 1, 656; cf.:

(terra) Rara sit an supra morem si densa requiras... Densa magis Cereri, rarissima quaeque Lyaeo,

Verg. G. 2, 227 sq.; 1, 419:

textura,

Lucr. 4, 196; cf.

retia,

Verg. A. 4, 131; Hor. Epod. 2, 33:

tunica,

Ov. Am. 1, 5, 13; and:

cribrum,

id. M. 12, 437:

rariores silvae,

the thinner, clearer parts of the forest, Tac. Agr. 37:

seges,

Col. 2, 9, 6:

corpus (opp. solidae res),

Lucr. 1, 347; 2, 860; 6, 631 al.:

aër,

id. 2, 107; cf. in the comp., id. 6, 1024:

manus,

i.e. with the fingers spread apart, Quint. 11, 3, 103:

raraque non fracto vestigia pulvere pendent,

i.e. scarcely visible, Stat. Th. 6, 640.—

Transf.

Of things which stand apart from each other, far apart, here and there, scattered, thin, scanty ( = disjectus;

opp. densus, confertus): cum raris disjectisque ex aedificiis pabulum conquireretur,

Hirt. B. G. 8, 10; cf.:

vides habitari in terrā raris et angustis in locis,

scattered, Cic. Rep. 6, 19, 20:

apparent rari nantes,

Verg. A. 1, 118:

foramina,

Lucr. 5, 457:

bacae expanduntur rarae,

Plin. 17, 10, 11, § 60:

frutices in vertice,

Ov. H. 10, 25:

coma,

id. Am. 1, 8, 111; cf. capillus. Suet. Calig. 50:

racemi,

Verg. E. 5, 7:

umbra,

id. ib. 7, 46:

arbores,

Nep. Milt. 5, 3:

tela,

Ov. M. 12, 600 et saep. — Poet.:

manat rara meas lacrima per genas,

drop by drop, Hor. C. 4, 1, 34. —

In partic., in military lang., far apart, here and there, scattered about, dispersed, straggling, single (opp. confertus). accedebat huc, ut numquam conferti, sed rari magnisque intervallis proeliarentur, Caes. B. G. 5, 16; cf.:

rari in confertos illati,

Liv. 23, 27:

ipsi ex silvis rari propugnabant,

Caes. B. G. 5, 9; 5, 17; 7, 45; 7, 80; id. B. C. 1, 27 fin.:

Samnites raris ordinibus constiterant,

Liv. 9, 27; Curt. 4, 14, 14:

rara est acies,

Verg. A. 9, 508:

rarior acies,

Tac. H. 3, 25; Front. Strat. 3, 10, 4:

rarior acies,

Curt. 4, 15, 20: ut ordines suos non magnopere servarent. [p. 1525] rari dispersique pugnarent, Caes. B. C. 1, 44; cf. Tac. Agr. 37 fin.; Front. Strat. 1, 5, 23.—

Of any thing found in small numbers or which seldom takes place, few, rare (cf. paucus):

in omni arte... ut in ipsă virtute, optimum quidque rarissimum,

Cic. Fin. 2, 25, 81; cf.:

rarum genus (amicorum) et quidem omnia praeclara rara,

id. Lael. 21, 79:

raris ac prope nullis portibus,

Caes. B. G. 3, 12 fin.; cf.:

etiamsi rarus ejus rei, nonnullus tamen usus,

Quint. 8, 6, 30:

rarus enim est animus ad ea defendenda,

Sall. H. 3, 61, 7 Dietsch:

Idem rarum est, non sine usu tamen,

Quint. 5, 11, 42:

rari domos, plurimi amicorum tecta... petivere,

Tac. H. 1, 79 fin.:

Oceanus raris ab orbe nostro navibus aditur,

id. G. 2:

aliquod solitarium aut rarum,

Cic. Inv. 1, 44, 83:

ut anteponantur rara vulgaribus,

id. Top. 18, 69:

litterae,

Liv. 6, 1; cf. id. 7, 3:

rara hostium apparebant arma,

id. 2, 50:

lites,

Quint. 7, 1, 43:

infelicitas,

id. 11, 2, 49:

quae (littera) est apud nos rarissima in clausulis,

id. 12, 10, 31:

quod est magis rarum,

id. 9, 2, 73:

ex maxime raro genere hominum,

Cic. Lael. 17, 64; cf. Quint. 7, 3, 25:

raris vocibus hisco,

Verg. A. 3, 314:

rara per ignotos errent animalia montes,

id. E. 6, 40:

audiet pugnas vitio parentum Rara juventus,

Hor. C. 1, 2, 24. —Rarum est, with ut:

rarum est, ut, etc.,

Quint. 3, 10, 3; 6, 3, 38; 10, 7, 24:

rarum dictu, esse aliquid, cui prosit neglegentia,

Plin. 18, 16, 39, § 140.—

Mostly poet. and in post-Aug. prose for the adv. raro, seldom, rarely:

nec Iliacos coetus nisi rarus adibat,

Ov. M. 11, 766; cf.:

rarus, qui tam procul a portu recessisset, reperiebatur,

Quint. 12, prooem. § 3; so,

rarus fuit, qui, etc.,

id. 6, 2, 3:

antiquis scriptoribus rarus obtrectator,

Tac. A. 4, 33; Sall. H. Fragm. 3, 22, p. 233 Gerl.:

Caesar rarus egressu,

Tac. A. 15, 53; cf.:

leones rari in potu,

Plin. 8, 16, 18, § 46:

(calculus) rarus inventu,

id. 28, 15, 61, § 217; cf.:

helxine rara visu est,

id. 21, 16, 56, § 96:

Homerus alias circa picturas pigmentaque rarus,

i. e. rarely speaks of them, id. 33, 7, 38, § 115 —

Poet., in partic., uncommon of its kind, scarce, rare, extraordinary, remarkable:

rara puella fuit,

Prop. 1, 17, 16; so,

Cynthia,

id. 1, 8, 42:

ministra deae,

id. 4 (5), 11, 52; cf.:

rara quidem facie, sed rarior arte canendi,

Ov. M. 14, 337:

facies,

id. H. 17, 93 Ruhnk.:

vestis,

Cat. 69, 3:

avis (sc. pavo),

Hor. S. 2, 2, 26:

fides,

id. C. 1, 35, 21:

artis opus rarae,

Tib. 3, 4, 37:

patulis rarissima ramis,

Ov. M. 7, 622:

rarissima turba,

id. A. A. 2, 281:

rarissimi ingenii homo,

Sen. Contr. 28:

conjux rarissima,

Stat. S. 5, 1, 11.— Hence, adv., usually raro (class.), but sometimes rare (ante - class. and postAug.), rarenter (ante- and post - class.), or rariter (late Lat.).

Form rārō:

raro nimium dabat quod biberem,

Plaut. Cist. 1, 1, 20:

potavi, edi, donavi, et enim id raro,

id. Bacch. 4, 10, 6:

si id, quod raro fit, fieri omnino negetur,

Cic. Inv. 1, 43, 80:

evenire insolenter et raro (opp. vulgo),

id. ib. 1, 28, 43:

vinum aegrotis prodest raro, nocet saepissime,

id. N. D. 3, 27, 69; id. de Or. 3, 52, 101; cf. id. Or. 24, 80:

sed tamen raro habet in oratione poeticum aliquod verbum dignitatem,

id. de Or. 3, 38, 153:

raro antecedentem scelestum Deseruit poena,

Hor. C. 3, 2, 31: admodum raro, Cic. Fat. Fragm. ap. Macr. S. 2, 12;

for which we find raro admodum,

Quint. 11, 1, 14; Plin. 2, 50, 51, § 135:

raro umquam,

Quint. 4, 1, 4; 5, 7, 22; Plin. 22, 22, 46, § 93:

ita raro,

Cic. Rosc. Am. 13, 37:

sic raro,

Hor. S. 2, 3, 1:

tam raro,

Ov. M. 13, 117:

quam raro,

Plaut. Bacch. 4, 4, 25:

perquam raro,

Plin. 37, 4, 15, § 55.— Comp.:

quod si rarius fiet, quam tu exspectabis,

Cic. Fam. 1, 7, 1.— Sup.:

istud rarissime accidere,

Col. 5, 5, 7:

non affari nisi rarissime,

Suet. Claud. 3.—

Form rārē (acc. to I.), far apart, thinly, sparsely, here and there:

nisi rare conseritur, vanam et minutam spicam facit,

Col. 2, 9, 5:

tenui vimine rarius contextus saccus,

id. 9, 15, 12.—

(Acc. to II. B.) Of time, seldom, rarely:

vero rare capitur (piscis),

Plaut. Rud. 4, 3, 56.—

Form rārenter, seldom, rarely:

dato rarenter bibere,

Cato, R. R. 103; so, rarenter, Liv. And., Enn., Caecil., Nov., Trab., Pompon. ap. Non. 515, 23 sq.; 164, 25 sq.; App. Flor. 3, p. 357, 22. —

Form rārĭter (very rare): quidquid fit rariter, magis delectat, Schol. Juv. 11, 208.

rārus, a, um, adj. [etym. dub.; cf. Sanscr. root rah-, to abandon], having wide interstices between its parts, of a loose texture, not thick or dense, thin (opp. densus; freq. and class.).

Lit.:

denseri poterunt ignes, rarique relinqui,

Lucr. 1, 656; cf.:

(terra) Rara sit an supra morem si densa requiras... Densa magis Cereri, rarissima quaeque Lyaeo,

Verg. G. 2, 227 sq.; 1, 419:

textura,

Lucr. 4, 196; cf.

retia,

Verg. A. 4, 131; Hor. Epod. 2, 33:

tunica,

Ov. Am. 1, 5, 13; and:

cribrum,

id. M. 12, 437:

rariores silvae,

the thinner, clearer parts of the forest, Tac. Agr. 37:

seges,

Col. 2, 9, 6:

corpus (opp. solidae res),

Lucr. 1, 347; 2, 860; 6, 631 al.:

aër,

id. 2, 107; cf. in the comp., id. 6, 1024:

manus,

i.e. with the fingers spread apart, Quint. 11, 3, 103:

raraque non fracto vestigia pulvere pendent,

i.e. scarcely visible, Stat. Th. 6, 640.—

Transf.

Of things which stand apart from each other, far apart, here and there, scattered, thin, scanty ( = disjectus;

opp. densus, confertus): cum raris disjectisque ex aedificiis pabulum conquireretur,

Hirt. B. G. 8, 10; cf.:

vides habitari in terrā raris et angustis in locis,

scattered, Cic. Rep. 6, 19, 20:

apparent rari nantes,

Verg. A. 1, 118:

foramina,

Lucr. 5, 457:

bacae expanduntur rarae,

Plin. 17, 10, 11, § 60:

frutices in vertice,

Ov. H. 10, 25:

coma,

id. Am. 1, 8, 111; cf. capillus. Suet. Calig. 50:

racemi,

Verg. E. 5, 7:

umbra,

id. ib. 7, 46:

arbores,

Nep. Milt. 5, 3:

tela,

Ov. M. 12, 600 et saep. — Poet.:

manat rara meas lacrima per genas,

drop by drop, Hor. C. 4, 1, 34. —

In partic., in military lang., far apart, here and there, scattered about, dispersed, straggling, single (opp. confertus). accedebat huc, ut numquam conferti, sed rari magnisque intervallis proeliarentur, Caes. B. G. 5, 16; cf.:

rari in confertos illati,

Liv. 23, 27:

ipsi ex silvis rari propugnabant,

Caes. B. G. 5, 9; 5, 17; 7, 45; 7, 80; id. B. C. 1, 27 fin.:

Samnites raris ordinibus constiterant,

Liv. 9, 27; Curt. 4, 14, 14:

rara est acies,

Verg. A. 9, 508:

rarior acies,

Tac. H. 3, 25; Front. Strat. 3, 10, 4:

rarior acies,

Curt. 4, 15, 20: ut ordines suos non magnopere servarent. [p. 1525] rari dispersique pugnarent, Caes. B. C. 1, 44; cf. Tac. Agr. 37 fin.; Front. Strat. 1, 5, 23.—

Of any thing found in small numbers or which seldom takes place, few, rare (cf. paucus):

in omni arte... ut in ipsă virtute, optimum quidque rarissimum,

Cic. Fin. 2, 25, 81; cf.:

rarum genus (amicorum) et quidem omnia praeclara rara,

id. Lael. 21, 79:

raris ac prope nullis portibus,

Caes. B. G. 3, 12 fin.; cf.:

etiamsi rarus ejus rei, nonnullus tamen usus,

Quint. 8, 6, 30:

rarus enim est animus ad ea defendenda,

Sall. H. 3, 61, 7 Dietsch:

Idem rarum est, non sine usu tamen,

Quint. 5, 11, 42:

rari domos, plurimi amicorum tecta... petivere,

Tac. H. 1, 79 fin.:

Oceanus raris ab orbe nostro navibus aditur,

id. G. 2:

aliquod solitarium aut rarum,

Cic. Inv. 1, 44, 83:

ut anteponantur rara vulgaribus,

id. Top. 18, 69:

litterae,

Liv. 6, 1; cf. id. 7, 3:

rara hostium apparebant arma,

id. 2, 50:

lites,

Quint. 7, 1, 43:

infelicitas,

id. 11, 2, 49:

quae (littera) est apud nos rarissima in clausulis,

id. 12, 10, 31:

quod est magis rarum,

id. 9, 2, 73:

ex maxime raro genere hominum,

Cic. Lael. 17, 64; cf. Quint. 7, 3, 25:

raris vocibus hisco,

Verg. A. 3, 314:

rara per ignotos errent animalia montes,

id. E. 6, 40:

audiet pugnas vitio parentum Rara juventus,

Hor. C. 1, 2, 24. —Rarum est, with ut:

rarum est, ut, etc.,

Quint. 3, 10, 3; 6, 3, 38; 10, 7, 24:

rarum dictu, esse aliquid, cui prosit neglegentia,

Plin. 18, 16, 39, § 140.—

Mostly poet. and in post-Aug. prose for the adv. raro, seldom, rarely:

nec Iliacos coetus nisi rarus adibat,

Ov. M. 11, 766; cf.:

rarus, qui tam procul a portu recessisset, reperiebatur,

Quint. 12, prooem. § 3; so,

rarus fuit, qui, etc.,

id. 6, 2, 3:

antiquis scriptoribus rarus obtrectator,

Tac. A. 4, 33; Sall. H. Fragm. 3, 22, p. 233 Gerl.:

Caesar rarus egressu,

Tac. A. 15, 53; cf.:

leones rari in potu,

Plin. 8, 16, 18, § 46:

(calculus) rarus inventu,

id. 28, 15, 61, § 217; cf.:

helxine rara visu est,

id. 21, 16, 56, § 96:

Homerus alias circa picturas pigmentaque rarus,

i. e. rarely speaks of them, id. 33, 7, 38, § 115 —

Poet., in partic., uncommon of its kind, scarce, rare, extraordinary, remarkable:

rara puella fuit,

Prop. 1, 17, 16; so,

Cynthia,

id. 1, 8, 42:

ministra deae,

id. 4 (5), 11, 52; cf.:

rara quidem facie, sed rarior arte canendi,

Ov. M. 14, 337:

facies,

id. H. 17, 93 Ruhnk.:

vestis,

Cat. 69, 3:

avis (sc. pavo),

Hor. S. 2, 2, 26:

fides,

id. C. 1, 35, 21:

artis opus rarae,

Tib. 3, 4, 37:

patulis rarissima ramis,

Ov. M. 7, 622:

rarissima turba,

id. A. A. 2, 281:

rarissimi ingenii homo,

Sen. Contr. 28:

conjux rarissima,

Stat. S. 5, 1, 11.— Hence, adv., usually raro (class.), but sometimes rare (ante - class. and postAug.), rarenter (ante- and post - class.), or rariter (late Lat.).

Form rārō:

raro nimium dabat quod biberem,

Plaut. Cist. 1, 1, 20:

potavi, edi, donavi, et enim id raro,

id. Bacch. 4, 10, 6:

si id, quod raro fit, fieri omnino negetur,

Cic. Inv. 1, 43, 80:

evenire insolenter et raro (opp. vulgo),

id. ib. 1, 28, 43:

vinum aegrotis prodest raro, nocet saepissime,

id. N. D. 3, 27, 69; id. de Or. 3, 52, 101; cf. id. Or. 24, 80:

sed tamen raro habet in oratione poeticum aliquod verbum dignitatem,

id. de Or. 3, 38, 153:

raro antecedentem scelestum Deseruit poena,

Hor. C. 3, 2, 31: admodum raro, Cic. Fat. Fragm. ap. Macr. S. 2, 12;

for which we find raro admodum,

Quint. 11, 1, 14; Plin. 2, 50, 51, § 135:

raro umquam,

Quint. 4, 1, 4; 5, 7, 22; Plin. 22, 22, 46, § 93:

ita raro,

Cic. Rosc. Am. 13, 37:

sic raro,

Hor. S. 2, 3, 1:

tam raro,

Ov. M. 13, 117:

quam raro,

Plaut. Bacch. 4, 4, 25:

perquam raro,

Plin. 37, 4, 15, § 55.— Comp.:

quod si rarius fiet, quam tu exspectabis,

Cic. Fam. 1, 7, 1.— Sup.:

istud rarissime accidere,

Col. 5, 5, 7:

non affari nisi rarissime,

Suet. Claud. 3.—

Form rārē (acc. to I.), far apart, thinly, sparsely, here and there:

nisi rare conseritur, vanam et minutam spicam facit,

Col. 2, 9, 5:

tenui vimine rarius contextus saccus,

id. 9, 15, 12.—

(Acc. to II. B.) Of time, seldom, rarely:

vero rare capitur (piscis),

Plaut. Rud. 4, 3, 56.—

Form rārenter, seldom, rarely:

dato rarenter bibere,

Cato, R. R. 103; so, rarenter, Liv. And., Enn., Caecil., Nov., Trab., Pompon. ap. Non. 515, 23 sq.; 164, 25 sq.; App. Flor. 3, p. 357, 22. —

Form rārĭter (very rare): quidquid fit rariter, magis delectat, Schol. Juv. 11, 208.